Energy Drink Consumption among Adolescents Attending Schools in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Survey Procedures
2.2. Patient and Public Involvement Statement
2.3. Energy Drink Collection and Chemical analysis of Caffeine
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Energy Drink Brands | Manufacture Country | Container | Container Volume (mL) | Price (FC) | Price (USD) | Price /100 mL (FC) | Caffeine on Label (mg/100 mL) | Caffeine Measured (mg/100 mL) | Difference Label vs Lab (mg/100 mL) | Total Caffeine in Can/Bottle (Label) (mg) | Total Caffeine in Can/Bottle (Lab Result) (mg) | Difference Label vs Lab (mg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bora Boom * | DR Congo | Bottle | 300 | 500 | 0.31 | 167 | no label | 21.4 | no label | 64.2 | ||
Spark * | DR Congo | Bottle | 350 | 1200 | 0.73 | 343 | 30 | 27.5 | −2.5 | 105.0 | 96.3 | −8.75 |
XXL * | DR Congo | Bottle | 330 | 1000 | 0.61 | 303 | 21.2 | 15.6 | −5.6 | 70.0 | 51.5 | −18.48 |
Big Kick | Zambia | Can | 500 | 1500 | 0.91 | 300 | 28 | 16.6 | −11.4 | 140.0 | 83.0 | −57 |
Kung Fu * | Zambia | Can | 500 | 1500 | 0.91 | 300 | 30 | 29.4 | −0.6 | 150.0 | 147.0 | −3 |
Volcano * | Zambia | Can | 500 | 1000 | 0.61 | 200 | 32 | 22.8 | −9.2 | 160.0 | 114.0 | −46 |
Azam | Tanzania | Bottle | 300 | 1000 | 0.61 | 333 | 30 | 20.5 | −9.5 | 90.0 | 61.5 | −28.5 |
Dragon (red) * | South Africa | Can | 330 | 1500 | 0.91 | 455 | 30 | 23.8 | −6.2 | 99.0 | 78.5 | −20.46 |
Bebida Energetica Light | Spain, Portugal | Can | 250 | 1500 | 0.91 | 600 | 15 | 7.6 | −7.4 | 37.5 | 19.0 | −18.5 |
Atlas | Holland | Can | 250 | 1500 | 0.91 | 600 | 31.5 | 26.8 | −4.7 | 78.8 | 67.0 | −11.75 |
Red Bull * | Austria | Can | 250 | 2500 | 1.51 | 1000 | 32 | 28.2 | −3.8 | 80.0 | 70.5 | −9.5 |
Wake Up | Korea | Can | 250 | 1500 | 0.91 | 600 | 30 | 28.6 | −1.4 | 75.0 | 71.5 | −3.5 |
mean | 342.5 | 1350 | 0.82 | 433 | 28.2 | 22.4 | −5.7 | 98.7 | 77.0 | −20.5 | ||
sd | 101.2 | 483 | 0.29 | 234 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 3.5 | 37.5 | 32.0 | 17.3 |
Total | 10–13 y | 14–17 y | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
At least one ED per week | N = 338 | n = 147 | n = 191 | |
No | 126 (37.3) | 65 (44.2) | 61 (31.9) | <0.05 |
Yes | 212 (62.7) | 82 (55.8) | 130 (68.1) | |
No consumption of ED | n = 126 | n = 65 | n = 61 | |
Reason for not consuming ED | ||||
No reason or refusal to answer | 58 (46.0) | 25 (38.5) | 33 (54.1) | <0.0001 |
Ban by parents or by teachers | 50 (39.7) | 38 (58.5) | 12 (19.7) | |
Health complications | 18 (14.3) | 2 (3.0) | 16 (26.2) | |
Regular consumption of ED | n = 212 | n = 82 | n = 130 | |
Reason for consuming ED | ||||
No reason or refusal to answer | 13 (6.1) | 10 (12.2) | 3 (2.3) | <0.005 |
For refreshment | 168 (79.3) | 63 (76.8) | 105 (80.8) | |
For energy | 31 (14.6) | 9 (11.0) | 22 (16.9) | |
At least one ED per day | 115 (54.2) | 41 (35.7) | 74 (64.3) | |
One ED per day | 94 (81.7) | 38 (92.7) | 56 (75.7) | <0.05 |
Two ED per day | 16 (13.9) | 3 (3.3) | 13 (17.5) | |
Three ED per day | 5 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (6.8) | |
Mixing ED with alcohol | ||||
No | 182 (85.8) | 79 (96.3) | 103 (79.2) | <0.0005 |
Yes | 30 (14.2) | 3 (3.7) | 27 (20.8) | |
Brand of ED consumed (n = 212) | ||||
Bora Boom | 164 (77.4) | 68 (82.9) | 96 (73.8) | |
Kung Fu | 31 (14.6) | 7 (8.5) | 24 (18.5) | |
XXL | 6 (2.8) | 1 (1.2) | 5 (3.8) | |
Other | 11 (5.2) | 6 (7.3) | 5 (3.8) |
Females | Males | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
At least one ED per week | n = 183 | n = 155 | ||
No | 67 (36.6) | 59 (38.0) | 0.435 | |
Yes | 116 (63.4) | 96 (61.9) | ||
Reason for not consuming ED | n = 67 | n = 59 | ||
10–13 y | No reason or refusal to answer | 17 (41.5) | 8 (33.3) | 0.774 |
Ban by parents or by teachers | 23 (56.1) | 15 (62.5) | ||
Health complications | 1 (2.4) | 1 (4.2) | ||
14–17 y | No reason or refusal to answer | 15 (57.7) | 18 (51.4) | 0.370 |
Ban by parents or by teachers | 3 (11.5) | 9 (27.7) | ||
Health complications | 8 (30.8) | 8 (22.9) | ||
Reason for consuming ED | n = 116 | n = 96 | ||
10–13 y | No reason or refusal to answer | 4 (9.1) | 6 (15.8) | <0.005 |
For refreshment | 40 (90.9) | 23 (60.5) | ||
For energy | 0 (0.0) | 9 (23.7) | ||
14–17 y | No reason or refusal to answer | 2 (2.8) | 1 (1.7) | <0.001 |
For refreshment | 66 (91.7) | 39 (67.2) | ||
For energy | 4 (5.6) | 18 (31.0) | ||
Mixing ED with alcohol | ||||
10–13 y | No | 43 (97.7) | 36 (94.7) | 0.472 |
Yes | 1 (2.3) | 2 (5.3) | ||
14–17 y | No | 68 (94.4) | 35 (60.3) | <0.00001 |
Yes | 4 (5.6) | 23 (39.7) |
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Carsi Kuhangana, T.; Muta Musambo, T.; Pyana Kitenge, J.; Kayembe-Kitenge, T.; Kazadi Ngoy, A.; Musa Obadia, P.; Banza Lubaba Nkulu, C.; Kamugisha, A.; Deconinck, E.; Nemery, B.; et al. Energy Drink Consumption among Adolescents Attending Schools in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147617
Carsi Kuhangana T, Muta Musambo T, Pyana Kitenge J, Kayembe-Kitenge T, Kazadi Ngoy A, Musa Obadia P, Banza Lubaba Nkulu C, Kamugisha A, Deconinck E, Nemery B, et al. Energy Drink Consumption among Adolescents Attending Schools in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147617
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarsi Kuhangana, Trésor, Taty Muta Musambo, Joseph Pyana Kitenge, Tony Kayembe-Kitenge, Arlène Kazadi Ngoy, Paul Musa Obadia, Célestin Banza Lubaba Nkulu, Angélique Kamugisha, Eric Deconinck, Benoit Nemery, and et al. 2021. "Energy Drink Consumption among Adolescents Attending Schools in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147617