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Volume 18
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Article

Did Affiliate Stigma Predict Affective and Behavioral Outcomes in Caregivers and Their Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

by
Chih-Cheng Chang
1,2,†,
Yu-Min Chen
3,4,†,
Ray C. Hsiao
5,6,
Wen-Jiun Chou
7,8,* and
Cheng-Fang Yen
3,4,*
1
Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 70246, Taiwan
2
Department of Health Psychology, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
3
Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
4
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
5
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
6
Department of Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
7
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
8
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Chih-Cheng Chang and Yu-Min Chen contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7532; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147532
Submission received: 2 June 2021 / Revised: 5 July 2021 / Accepted: 13 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD in Adolescents)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

The aim of this follow-up study was to examine the predictive values of caregivers’ affiliate stigma at baseline for depression in caregivers and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 1 year later. The Study on Affiliate Stigma in Caregivers of Children with ADHD surveyed the levels of affiliate stigma and depression in 400 caregivers and the behavioral problems of their children with ADHD. The levels of the caregivers’ depression and children’s behavioral problems were assessed 1 year later. The associations of caregivers’ affiliate stigma at baseline with depression in caregivers and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children with ADHD at follow-up were examined using stepwise multiple regression. The results indicated that before caregivers’ depression and children’s behavioral problems at baseline were controlled, caregivers’ affiliate stigma at baseline positively predicted caregivers’ depression and all children’s behavioral problems. After caregivers’ depression and children’s behavioral problems at baseline were controlled, caregivers’ affiliate stigma at baseline still positively predicted children’s affective and somatic problems. Parenting training and cognitive behavioral therapy should be provided to caregivers with intense affiliate stigma to prevent emotional problems and difficulties in managing their children’s behavioral problems.
Keywords: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; affiliate stigma; depression; behavioral problems attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; affiliate stigma; depression; behavioral problems

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Chang, C.-C.; Chen, Y.-M.; Hsiao, R.C.; Chou, W.-J.; Yen, C.-F. Did Affiliate Stigma Predict Affective and Behavioral Outcomes in Caregivers and Their Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147532

AMA Style

Chang C-C, Chen Y-M, Hsiao RC, Chou W-J, Yen C-F. Did Affiliate Stigma Predict Affective and Behavioral Outcomes in Caregivers and Their Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147532

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang, Chih-Cheng, Yu-Min Chen, Ray C. Hsiao, Wen-Jiun Chou, and Cheng-Fang Yen. 2021. "Did Affiliate Stigma Predict Affective and Behavioral Outcomes in Caregivers and Their Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147532

APA Style

Chang, C.-C., Chen, Y.-M., Hsiao, R. C., Chou, W.-J., & Yen, C.-F. (2021). Did Affiliate Stigma Predict Affective and Behavioral Outcomes in Caregivers and Their Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147532

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