Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Pesticides among Pregnant Women Participating in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants and Sample Collection
2.2. Chemicals and Reagents
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. Instrument Analysis and Calculations
2.5. QC
2.6. Data Collection
2.7. Data Analysis
2.8. Cumulative Risk Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Method Performance
3.2. Concentrations of DAPs in Maternal Urine Samples
3.3. Predictors of DAPs in Maternal Urine Samples
3.4. Cumulative Risk Assessment
4. Discussion
4.1. Concentrations of DAPs in Maternal Urine Samples
4.2. Predictors of DAPs in Maternal Urine Samples
4.3. Cumulative Risk Assessment
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AChE | acetylcholinesterase |
BMD | benchmark dose |
BMD10 | 10% onset of toxicity is used for general toxicity as the BMR |
BMDL | BMD lower confidence limit |
BMI | body mass index |
BMR | bench-mark response |
DAPs | dialkylphosphates |
DEDTP | diethyldithiophosphate |
DEP | diethylphosphate |
DEs | diethyl DAP (DEP + DETP) |
DETP | diethylthiophosphate |
DMDTP | dimethyldithio-phosphate |
DMP | dimethylphosphate |
DMs | dimethyl DAP (DMP + DMTP + DMDTP) |
DMTP | dimethylthiophosphate |
DR | detection rate |
G-EQUAS | German External Quality Assessment Scheme |
GBM | gradient boosting machine |
IQR | interquartile range |
LC-MS/MS | liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer |
LCMRL | lowest concentration minimum reporting level |
MICE | multiple imputation by chained equations |
MOE | margin of exposure |
MRL | minimum reporting level |
MW | molecular weight |
NOAEL | no observed adverse effect level |
OPPs | organophosphate pesticides |
QC | quality control |
QRLIC | quantile regression approach for left-censored missing |
RFPs | elative potency factors |
RFR | random forest regression |
RSD | relative standard deviation. |
SD | standard deviation |
U.S. EPA | The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
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Statistics | Crude (ng/mL) | Creatinine-Normalised (µg/g-Creatinine) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DMP | DMTP | DMDTP | DEP | DETP | DEDTP c | DMP | DMTP | DMDTP | DEP | DETP | DEDTP | |
DR (%) | 80.8 | 80.0 | 16.1 | 81.2 | 22.9 | 0.02 | 80.8 | 80.0 | 16.1 | 81.2 | 22.9 | 0.02 |
Mean | 5.69 | 11.3 | - | 5.12 | - | - | 5.79 | 11.8 | - | 5.32 | - | - |
SD | 10.4 | 45.6 | - | 8.97 | - | - | 8.07 | 31.5 | - | 9.54 | - | - |
Min | <MRL a | <MRL a | <MRL a | <MRL a | <MRL b | - | <MRL | - | ||||
25th | 1.33 | 1.32 | - | 1.32 | - | - | 1.91 | 1.66 | - | 1.88 | - | - |
50th | 2.93 | 3.29 | - | 2.78 | - | - | 3.53 | 4.09 | - | 3.28 | - | - |
75th | 6.16 | 9.38 | - | 5.47 | - | - | 6.78 | 10.8 | - | 5.98 | - | - |
95th | 18.6 | 40.2 | 2.94 | 16.1 | 4.50 | - | 17.8 | 44.5 | 3.22 | 15.3 | 5.15 | - |
Max | 385 | 1640 | 95.4 | 213 | 319 | 34.9 | 226 | 891 | 50.4 | 380 | 681 | 126 |
Statistics | DAPs | DMs | DEs |
---|---|---|---|
Mean | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.058 |
SD | 1.72 | 1.69 | 0.13 |
GM | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.036 |
GSD | 2.82 | 2.98 | 2.52 |
Min | 0.011 | 0.0042 | 0.0011 |
25th | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.019 |
50th | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.035 |
75th | 0.92 | 0.84 | 0.063 |
95th | 2.90 | 2.78 | 0.17 |
Max | 48.7 | 47.8 | 5.50 |
>BMDL10/100 a —n, (%) | 16 (0.36) | 16 (0.36) | 0 (0) |
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Nishihama, Y.; Nakayama, S.F.; Isobe, T.; Jung, C.-R.; Iwai-Shimada, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Michikawa, T.; Sekiyama, M.; Taniguchi, Y.; Yamazaki, S.; et al. Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Pesticides among Pregnant Women Participating in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115929
Nishihama Y, Nakayama SF, Isobe T, Jung C-R, Iwai-Shimada M, Kobayashi Y, Michikawa T, Sekiyama M, Taniguchi Y, Yamazaki S, et al. Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Pesticides among Pregnant Women Participating in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115929
Chicago/Turabian StyleNishihama, Yukiko, Shoji F. Nakayama, Tomohiko Isobe, Chau-Ren Jung, Miyuki Iwai-Shimada, Yayoi Kobayashi, Takehiro Michikawa, Makiko Sekiyama, Yu Taniguchi, Shin Yamazaki, and et al. 2021. "Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Pesticides among Pregnant Women Participating in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115929