Index Properties, Hydraulic Conductivity and Contaminant-Compatibility of CMC-Treated Sodium Activated Calcium Bentonite
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. SACaB
2.2. CMC-SACaB Preparation
2.3. Chemical Solutions
2.4. Properties of CMC-SACaB
2.5. Swell Index with Chemical Solutions
2.6. Hydraulic Conductivity Via Modified Fluid Loss Tests
2.7. Hydraulic Conductivity Based on Flexible-Wall Permeameter Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Properties of CMC-SACaB
3.2. Swell Index Exposed to Chemical Solutions
3.3. Hydraulic Conductivity
3.4. Study Limitations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Testing Method | Value |
---|---|---|
Fines Content, FC (%) | [31] | 100 |
Clay Content, CC (%) | [31] | 49 |
Organic Content, OC (%) | [32] | 1.18 |
Liquid Limit, wL (%) | [33] | 269 |
Plastic Limit, wP (%) | [33] | 34.0 |
Specific Gravity, Gs | [34] | 2.66 |
Classification | [35] | CH |
pH | [36] | 10.33 |
Swell index, SI (mL/2 g) | [37] | 16.5 |
Exchangeable metals (cmolc/kg): | [38] | |
Ca2+ | 14.5 | |
Mg2+ | 0.6 | |
Na+ | 32.7 | |
K+ | 0.3 |
Chemical Solution | Total Metal Concentration, C (mmol/L) | Ionic Strength, I (mmol/L) | Absolute Viscosity, μ a (mPa·s) | Unit Weight, γL (kN/m3) | pH | Electrical Conductivity, EC (mS/cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DIW | N.D. | - | 1.00 | 9.79 | 6.90 | 0.004 |
Ca solution | 1 | 2.99 | 1.02 | 9.79 | 6.80 | 0.27 |
Ca solution | 5 | 14.80 | 1.03 | 9.81 | 6.79 | 1.21 |
Ca solution | 10 | 29.50 | 1.03 | 9.85 | 6.78 | 2.36 |
Ca solution | 20 | 58.40 | 1.04 | 9.90 | 6.76 | 4.24 |
Ca solution | 50 | 142.50 | 1.05 | 9.94 | 6.61 | 10.52 |
Ca solution | 100 | 275.80 | 1.07 | 9.99 | 6.46 | 16.45 |
Ca solution | 500 | 1444.83 | 1.15 | 10.46 | 5.90 | 72.8 |
Pb-Zn solution | 1 | 2.97 | 1.26 | 9.79 | 5.49 | 0.31 |
Pb-Zn solution | 5 | 14.50 | 1.28 | 9.81 | 5.39 | 1.22 |
Pb-Zn solution | 10 | 28.40 | 1.31 | 9.85 | 5.31 | 2.20 |
Pb-Zn solution | 20 | 55.00 | 1.38 | 9.90 | 5.21 | 3.86 |
Pb-Zn solution | 50 | 129.10 | 1.43 | 9.93 | 5.09 | 8.28 |
Pb-Zn solution | 100 | 239.60 | 1.54 | 10.01 | 4.94 | 15.66 |
Pb-Zn solution | 500 | 829.00 | 1.69 | 10.87 | 4.33 | 51.15 |
Cr(VI) solution | 1 | 2.98 | 1.08 | 9.79 | 7.69 | 0.29 |
Cr(VI) solution | 5 | 14.80 | 1.09 | 9.85 | 8.26 | 1.38 |
Cr(VI) solution | 10 | 29.20 | 1.10 | 9.88 | 8.40 | 2.58 |
Cr(VI) solution | 20 | 57.60 | 1.10 | 9.92 | 8.69 | 4.76 |
Cr(VI) solution | 50 | 139.30 | 1.14 | 9.99 | 8.87 | 9.71 |
Cr(VI) solution | 100 | 266.60 | 1.18 | 10.07 | 9.20 | 16.32 |
Cr(VI) solution | 500 | 984.70 | 1.35 | 10.59 | 9.33 | 78.4 |
CMC Content in Bentonite, CCB (%) | Chemical Solution | Total Metal Concentration, C (mmol/L) | Applied Overall Pressure, P0 (kPa) |
---|---|---|---|
0, 2 | Pb-Zn | 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 | 400 |
6, 10, 14 | Pb-Zn | 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 | 400 |
Optimized CCB | Cr(VI), Ca | 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 | 400 |
0, Optimized CCB | landfill leachate | - | 400 |
0 | Pb-Zn | 0, 10 | 50, 100, 200, 400 |
Optimized CCB | Pb-Zn, Cr(VI), Ca | 0, 10 | 50, 100, 200, 400 |
Sample ID | CMC Content in Bentonite, CCB (%) | Organic Content, OC (%) | Plastic Limit, wP (%) | Specific Gravity, Gs | pH | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CMC2 | 2 | 2.88 | 38 | 2.63 | 9.55 | This study |
CMC6 | 6 | 5.77 | 52 | 2.61 | 9.43 | This study |
CMC10 | 10 | 10.39 | 55 | 2.61 | 9.26 | This study |
CMC14 | 14 | 13.99 | 56 | 2.59 | 9.21 | This study |
HC2 | 2 | N.A. | 73 | N.A. | N.A. | [44] |
HC8 | 8 | N.A. | 61 | N.A. | N.A. | [44] |
HC2% | 2 | N.A. | 56.22 | 2.53 | N.A. | [18] |
HC4% | 4 | N.A. | 58.62 | 2.47 | N.A. | [18] |
HC8% | 8 | N.A. | 61.03 | 2.25 | N.A. | [18] |
HC16% | 16 | N.A. | 70.55 | 2.40 | N.A. | [18] |
Sample ID | MFL Test | FWP Test | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
eave1 | ρd3 | kMFL4 | ef2 | ρd3 | i5 | kFWP6 | |
CMC0 | 7.4 | 0.32 | 2.5 × 10−11 | 6.6 | 0.35 | 94 | 6.1 × 10−11 |
CMC2 | 9.7 | 0.25 | 1.9 × 10−11 | 9.1 | 0.26 | 135 | 1.6 × 10−11 |
CMC6 | 16.7 | 0.15 | 2.1 × 10−11 | 15.3 | 0.16 | 172 | 1.0 × 10−11 |
CMC10 | 14.3 | 0.17 | 1.6 × 10−11 | 13.1 | 0.19 | 119 | 9.6 × 10−12 |
CMC14 | 18.9 | 0.13 | 1.8 × 10−11 | 17.8 | 0.14 | 137 | 8.6 × 10−12 |
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Fan, R.-D.; Reddy, K.R.; Yang, Y.-L.; Du, Y.-J. Index Properties, Hydraulic Conductivity and Contaminant-Compatibility of CMC-Treated Sodium Activated Calcium Bentonite. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061863
Fan R-D, Reddy KR, Yang Y-L, Du Y-J. Index Properties, Hydraulic Conductivity and Contaminant-Compatibility of CMC-Treated Sodium Activated Calcium Bentonite. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):1863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061863
Chicago/Turabian StyleFan, Ri-Dong, Krishna R. Reddy, Yu-Ling Yang, and Yan-Jun Du. 2020. "Index Properties, Hydraulic Conductivity and Contaminant-Compatibility of CMC-Treated Sodium Activated Calcium Bentonite" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061863