Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Highlights
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Sample
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
2.4. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
3. Results
3.1. Assessing Organizational and Operational Stressors across PSP Categories
3.2. Associations between Operational and Organizational Stressors and Mental Health across PSP Categories
3.3. Unique Associations between Organizational Stress, Operational Stress, and Mental Health
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Occupational Stressor | Total (n = 4441) | Municipal/Provincial Police a (n = 1147) | Federal Police (i.e., RCMP) b (n = 1188) | Corrections c (n = 574) | Firefighters d (n = 711) | Paramedics e (n = 612) | Public Safety Communications Officials [e.g., Call Center Operators/Dispatchers] (n = 209) | F-Statistic | Significant Differences between PSP Categories |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |||
Organizational Stressors (PSP-Org) | |||||||||
Mean Organizational Stress Score, mean (SD) | 3.62 (1.33) | 3.58 (1.30) | 3.99 (1.31) | 3.93 (1.31) | 2.91 (1.22) | 3.49 (1.22) | 3.57 (1.21) | 72.21 | a<b, c d<a, b, c, e, f e<b, c f<b, c |
Dealing with co-workers | 4.05 (1.78) | 3.94 (1.74) | 4.18 (1.76) | 4.65 (1.78) | 3.53 (1.75) | 4.00 (1.72) | 4.25 (1.74) | 29.04 | a<b, c b<c d<a, b, c, e, f e<c |
The feeling that different rules apply to different people (e.g., favouritism) | 4.15 (1.95) | 4.17 (1.93) | 4.22 (1.90) | 4.78 (1.86) | 3.39 (1.99) | 4.11 (1.89) | 4.55 (1.87) | 36.61 | a<c b<c d<a, b, c, e, f e<c |
Feeling like you always have to prove yourself to the organization | 4.02 (1.96) | 3.96 (1.94) | 4.37 (1.92) | 4.32 (1.95) | 3.29 (1.94) | 4.03 (1.90) | 3.87 (1.92) | 31.56 | a<b, c d<a, b, c, e, f e<b f<b |
Excessive administrative duties | 3.69 (1.98) | 3.73 (1.87) | 4.56 (1.85) | 3.98 (1.98) | 2.75 (1.81) | 2.95 (1.84) | 2.99 (1.82) | 116.64 | a<b c<b d<a, b e<a, b, c f<a, c |
Constant change in policy/legislation | 3.80 (1.91) | 3.63 (1.84) | 4.04 (1.85) | 4.40 (1.93) | 3.08 (1.80) | 3.80 (1.93) | 4.22 (1.92) | 41.19 | a<b, c, f b<c d<a, b, c, e, f e<c |
Staff shortages | 4.46 (2.08) | 4.48 (1.96) | 5.19 (1.86) | 4.51 (2.03) | 3.07 (1.96) | 4.30 (2.10) | 5.32 (1.86) | 113.31 | a<b, f c<b, f d<a, b, c, e, f e<b, f |
Bureaucratic red tape | 4.44 (1.98) | 4.35 (1.91) | 4.83 (1.87) | 4.91 (1.89) | 3.60 (1.99) | 4.37 (2.07) | 4.41 (2.03) | 43.40 | a<b, c d<a, b, c, e, f e<b, c f<c |
Too much computer work | 3.19 (1.89) | 3.26 (1.83) | 3.99 (1.88) | 3.32 (1.92) | 2.45 (1.65) | 2.47 (1.62) | 2.58 (1.70) | 96.29 | a<b c<b d<a, b, c e<a, b, c f<a, b, c |
Lack of training on new equipment | 3.12 (1.80) | 2.82 (1.69) | 3.41 (1.82) | 3.38 (1.97) | 3.09 (1.78) | 2.96 (1.74) | 2.97 (1.74) | 16.68 | a<b, c, d d<b e<b, c f<c |
Perceived pressure to volunteer free time | 2.64 (1.85) | 2.51 (1.77) | 3.21 (2.03) | 2.34 (1.76) | 2.55 (1.74) | 2.39 (1.71) | 1.95 (1.43) | 37.08 | a<b c<b d<b e<b f<a, b, d, e |
Dealing with supervisors | 3.69 (2.00) | 3.53 (1.96) | 3.92 (1.97) | 4.20 (2.02) | 3.25 (1.96) | 3.63 (2.01) | 3.55 (1.93) | 19.75 | a<b, c d<a, b, c, e e<b, c f<c |
Inconsistent leadership style | 4.44 (2.10) | 4.29 (2.09) | 4.56 (2.05) | 4.97 (2.09) | 3.87 (2.12) | 4.65 (2.06) | 4.55 (2.06) | 21.48 | a<b, c, e b<c d<a, b, c, e, f |
Lack of resources | 4.29 (2.04) | 4.05 (2.00) | 4.95 (1.91) | 4.55 (1.99) | 3.26 (1.89) | 4.46 (2.05) | 4.10 (2.03) | 72.27 | a<b, c, e c<b d<a, b, c, e, f e<b f<b |
Unequal sharing of work responsibilities | 3.90 (2.10) | 3.81 (2.06) | 4.18 (2.06) | 4.57 (2.06) | 3.00 (1.92) | 3.93 (2.10) | 4.02 (2.08) | 45.16 | a<b, c b<c d<a, b, c, e, f e<c f<c |
If you are sick or injured your co-workers seem to look down on you | 2.78 (2.00) | 2.80 (2.01) | 3.19 (2.13) | 2.91 (1.99) | 2.00 (1.56) | 2.59 (1.96) | 3.12 (1.98) | 35.63 | a<b d<a, b, c, e, f e<b, f |
Leaders over-emphasize the negatives (e.g., supervisor evaluations, public complaints) | 3.51 (2.10) | 3.43 (2.06) | 3.61 (2.10) | 3.81 (2.16) | 2.90 (1.91) | 3.82 (2.16) | 3.84 (2.15) | 19.32 | a<c, e d<a, b, c, e, f |
Internal investigations | 3.04 (2.08) | 3.22 (2.14) | 3.06 (2.11) | 3.59 (2.19) | 2.24 (1.63) | 3.17 (2.07) | 2.82 (1.92) | 32.87 | a<c b<c d<a, b, c, e, f e<c f<c |
Dealing with the court system | 2.63 (1.84) | 3.40 (1.88) | 3.28 (1.81) | 2.24 (1.65) | 1.52 (1.25) | 1.95 (1.52) | 1.64 (1.28) | 188.89 | c<a, b d<a, b, c, e e<a, b, c f<a, b, c |
The need to be accountable for doing your job | 3.35 (1.92) | 3.48 (1.99) | 3.46 (1.87) | 3.59 (2.00) | 2.82 (1.77) | 3.30 (1.88) | 3.34 (1.97) | 14.46 | d<a, b, c, e, f |
Inadequate equipment | 3.13 (1.89) | 2.86 (1.76) | 3.59 (1.93) | 3.45 (2.00) | 2.55 (1.63) | 3.11 (1.91) | 3.23 (1.93) | 37.02 | a<b, c d<a, b, c, e, f e<b, c |
Operational Stressors (PSP-Op) | |||||||||
Mean Operational Stress Score, M (SD) | 3.17 (1.28) | 3.15 (1.29) | 3.54 (1.36) | 3.06 (1.22) | 2.62 (1.09) | 3.30 (1.20) | 2.96 (1.07) | 50.95 | a<b c<b, e d<a, b, e, f e<b f<b, c, e |
Shift work | 3.32 (2.10) | 3.38 (2.09) | 3.29 (2.15) | 2.76 (2.18) | 2.96 (1.82) | 3.99 (2.04) | 4.01 (2.00) | 30.49 | a<e, f b<e, f c<a, b, e, f d<a, b, e, f |
Working alone at night | 2.21 (1.86) | 2.39 (1.85) | 2.91 (2.20) | 1.90 (1.68) | 1.44 (1.10) | 1.94 (1.69) | 1.56 (1.13) | 76.55 | a<b c<a, b d<a, b, c, e e<a, b f<a, b |
Over-time demands | 2.68 (1.94) | 2.70 (1.86) | 3.29 (2.08) | 2.08 (1.67) | 1.75 (1.38) | 3.14 (2.09) | 2.54 (1.77) | 80.24 | a<b, e c<a, b, e, f d<a, b, c, e, f f<b, e |
Risk of being injured on the job | 2.98 (1.89) | 2.69 (1.76) | 3.16 (1.98) | 3.29 (1.94) | 2.86 (1.73) | 3.55 (1.95) | 1.49 (1.09) | 50.95 *** | a<b, c, e b<e d<b, c, e f<a, b, c, d, e |
Work-related activities on days off (e.g., court, community events) | 2.53 (1.77) | 2.87 (1.82) | 3.16 (1.92) | 1.92 (1.43) | 1.96 (1.41) | 2.24 (1.63) | 1.69 (1.21) | 86.41 | a<b c<a, b, e d<a, b, e e<a, b f<a, b, e |
Potentially psychologically traumatic events (e.g., motor vehicle accidents, domestics, death, injury) | 3.39 (1.98) | 3.21 (1.94) | 3.64 (2.10) | 2.80 (1.95) | 3.48 (1.82) | 3.73 (1.89) | 3.38 (1.93) | 20.20 | a<b, e c<a, b, d, e, f |
Managing your social life outside of work | 3.02 (1.77) | 2.88 (1.69) | 3.23 (1.88) | 2.97 (1.75) | 2.59 (1.60) | 3.28 (1.81) | 3.38 (1.72) | 18.00 | a<b, e, f c<b, e d<a, b, c, e, f |
Not enough time available to spend with friends and family | 3.54 (1.87) | 3.44 (1.81) | 3.83 (1.96) | 3.45 (1.82) | 2.94 (1.73) | 3.86 (1.85) | 3.91 (1.76) | 27.20 | a<b, e, f c<b, e, f d<a, b, c, e, f |
Paperwork | 3.29 (1.88) | 3.38 (1.81) | 4.11 (1.83) | 3.53 (1.89) | 2.36 (1.59) | 2.84 (1.67) | 1.96 (1.30) | 126.64 | a<b c<b d<a, b, c, e e<a, b, c f<a, b, c, e |
Eating healthy at work | 3.40 (1.84) | 3.38 (1.85) | 3.76 (1.78) | 3.32 (1.87) | 2.50 (1.59) | 3.79 (1.82) | 3.52 (1.85) | 51.38 | a<b, e c<b, e d<a, b, c, e, f |
Finding time to stay in good physical condition | 3.96 (1.85) | 3.87 (1.85) | 4.32 (1.78) | 4.03 (1.82) | 3.21 (1.81) | 4.18 (1.79) | 4.01 (1.78) | 36.73 | a<b, e c<b d<a, b, c, e, f |
Fatigue (e.g., shift work, over-time) | 4.14 (1.99) | 4.07 (1.97) | 4.27 (1.99) | 3.91 (2.11) | 3.62 (1.88) | 4.66 (1.88) | 4.70 (1.88) | 24.81 | a<e, f b<f c<b, e, f d<a, b, e, f |
Occupation-related health issues (e.g., back pain) | 3.62 (2.02) | 3.55 (2.01) | 3.94 (1.96) | 3.72 (2.08) | 3.07 (1.90) | 3.70 (2.07) | 3.49 (2.01) | 17.76 | a d<a, b, c, e f<b |
Lack of understanding from family and friends about your work | 3.04 (1.89) | 2.88 (1.83) | 3.10 (1.91) | 3.39 (2.00) | 2.74 (1.79) | 3.19 (1.92) | 3.18 (1.86) | 10.40 | a<c, e b<c d<b, c, e, f |
Making friends outside the job | 2.73 (1.84) | 2.43 (1.69) | 3.12 (1.91) | 2.90 (1.97) | 2.20 (1.59) | 2.94 (1.90) | 2.83 (1.86) | 32.01 | a<b, c, e, f d<b, c, e, f |
Upholding a “higher image” in public | 2.98 (1.89) | 3.07 (1.95) | 3.36 (1.91) | 2.68 (1.79) | 2.58 (1.79) | 2.97 (1.81) | 2.52 (1.67) | 22.53 | a<b c<a, b d<a, b, e e<b f<a, b, e |
Negative comments from the public | 3.45 (1.97) | 3.83 (2.00) | 3.80 (1.93) | 3.25 (1.96) | 2.80 (1.82) | 3.12 (1.89) | 3.08 (1.84) | 39.31 | c<a, b d<a, b, c, e e<a, b f<a, b |
Limitations to your social life (e.g., who your friends are, where you socialize) | 2.99 (1.87) | 2.92 (1.86) | 3.35 (1.92) | 3.05 (1.91) | 2.40 (1.64) | 3.05 (1.88) | 2.95 (1.81) | 23.85 | a<b c<b d<a, b, c, e, f e<b |
Feeling like you are always on the job | 3.31 (2.01) | 3.37 (1.96) | 3.86 (2.01) | 3.07 (1.98) | 2.74 (1.93) | 3.31 (1.98) | 2.49 (1.69) | 39.84 | a<b c<a, b d<a, b, c, e e<b f<a, b, c, e |
Friends/family feel the effects of the stigma associated with your job | 2.87 (1.88) | 2.99 (1.86) | 3.31 (1.94) | 2.87 (1.94) | 2.28 (1.68) | 2.65 (1.77) | 2.45 (1.68) | 32.66 | a<b c<b d<a, b, e e<a, b, c f<a, b |
Occupational Stressor | PTSD | MDD | Generalized Anxiety | Social Anxiety | Panic Disorder | Alcohol Use Disorder | Any Mental Disorder |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Organizational Stressors (PSP-Org) | |||||||
Mean Organizational Stress Score | 2.08 *** (1.92, 2.25) | 1.82 *** (1.69, 1.95) | 1.85 *** (1.71, 2.00) | 1.74 *** (1.60, 1.90) | 1.88 *** (1.69, 2.10) | 1.34 *** (1.19, 1.50) | 1.94 *** (1.81, 2.08) |
Dealing with co-workers | 1.35 *** (1.28, 1.42) | 1.35 *** (1.28, 1.41) | 1.40 *** (1.33, 1.48) | 1.34 *** (1.26, 1.42) | 1.33 *** (1.24, 1.43) | 1.19 *** (1.09, 1.29) | 1.38 *** (1.32, 1.44) |
The feeling that different rules apply to different people (e.g., favoritism) | 1.41 *** (1.34, 1.48) | 1.33 *** (1.27, 1.39) | 1.35 *** (1.29, 1.42) | 1.34 *** (1.27, 1.42) | 1.35 *** (1.26, 1.45) | 1.15 *** (1.07, 1.24) | 1.38 *** (1.32, 1.44) |
Feeling like you always have to prove yourself to the organization | 1.51 *** (1.44, 1.59) | 1.43 *** (1.37, 1.50) | 1.50 *** (1.43, 1.59) | 1.42 *** (1.34, 1.50) | 1.41 *** (1.31, 1.52) | 1.21 *** (1.12, 1.30) | 1.48 *** (1.41, 1.54) |
Excessive administrative duties | 1.30 *** (1.24, 1.37) | 1.24 *** (1.19, 1.30) | 1.24 *** (1.18, 1.30) | 1.22 *** (1.16, 1.28) | 1.25 *** (1.17, 1.33) | 1.08 (0.999, 1.16) | 1.26 *** (1.20, 1.31) |
Constant change in policy/legislation | 1.33 *** (1.27, 1.40) | 1.33 *** (1.27, 1.39) | 1.31 *** (1.25, 1.38) | 1.28 *** (1.21, 1.34) | 1.25 *** (1.16, 1.33) | 1.17 *** (1.08, 1.27) | 1.33 *** (1.28, 1.39) |
Staff shortages | 1.27 *** (1.21, 1.33) | 1.23 *** (1.17, 1.28) | 1.24 *** (1.18, 1.31) | 1.21 *** (1.15, 1.28) | 1.24 *** (1.16, 1.33) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 1.22 *** (1.17, 1.27) |
Bureaucratic red tape | 1.34 *** (1.28, 1.41) | 1.28 *** (1.22, 1.34) | 1.26 *** (1.20, 1.33) | 1.28 *** (1.21, 1.35) | 1.26 *** (1.17, 1.36) | 1.13 (1.04, 1.22) | 1.30 *** (1.24, 1.35) |
Too much computer work | 1.21 *** (1.16, 1.27) | 1.19 *** (1.14, 1.24) | 1.19 *** (1.14, 1.25) | 1.12 *** (1.06, 1.18) | 1.17 *** (1.10, 1.25) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.20) | 1.20 *** (1.15, 1.25) |
Lack of training on new equipment | 1.26 *** (1.21, 1.32) | 1.23 *** (1.18, 1.29) | 1.24 *** (1.18, 1.30) | 1.27 *** (1.20, 1.33) | 1.24 *** (1.16, 1.32) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) | 1.27 *** (1.22, 1.33) |
Perceived pressure to volunteer free time | 1.28 *** (1.22, 1.34) | 1.21 *** (1.16, 1.26) | 1.22 *** (1.17, 1.28) | 1.17 *** (1.11, 1.22) | 1.24 *** (1.16, 1.31) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.18) | 1.25 *** (1.20, 1.30) |
Dealing with supervisors | 1.37 *** (1.31, 1.44) | 1.30 *** (1.25, 1.35) | 1.32 *** (1.26, 1.38) | 1.24 *** (1.19, 1.31) | 1.32 *** (1.24, 1.41) | 1.16 *** (1.08, 1.25) | 1.35 *** (1.30, 1.40) |
Inconsistent leadership style | 1.42 *** (1.35, 1.49) | 1.29 *** (1.24, 1.35) | 1.30 *** (1.24, 1.36) | 1.22 *** (1.16, 1.28) | 1.32 *** (1.23, 1.42) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.32 *** (1.27, 1.38) |
Lack of resources | 1.35 *** (1.29, 1.42) | 1.25 *** (1.19, 1.30) | 1.25 *** (1.19, 1.32) | 1.28 *** (1.21, 1.35) | 1.28 *** (1.19, 1.37) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19 | 1.28 *** (1.23, 1.33) |
Unequal sharing of work responsibilities | 1.35 *** (1.29, 1.41) | 1.27 *** (1.22, 1.32) | 1.24 *** (1.19, 1.30) | 1.27 *** (1.21, 1.33) | 1.31 *** (1.23, 1.39) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.18) | 1.30 *** (1.25, 1.35) |
If you are sick or injured your co-workers seem to look down on you | 1.51 *** (1.44, 1.57) | 1.44 *** (1.38, 1.50) | 1.47 *** (1.40, 1.53) | 1.35 *** (1.29, 1.41) | 1.55 *** (1.46, 1.65) | 1.20 *** (1.12, 1.29) | 1.53 *** (1.46, 1.59) |
Leaders over-emphasize the negatives (e.g., supervisor evaluations, public complaints) | 1.37 *** (1.32, 1.43) | 1.28 *** (1.23, 1.33) | 1.29 *** (1.23, 1.34) | 1.25 *** (1.19, 1.31) | 1.31 *** (1.23, 1.39) | 1.15 *** (1.07, 1.23) | 1.32 *** (1.27, 1.37) |
Internal investigations | 1.28 *** (1.23, 1.33) | 1.21 *** (1.16, 1.26) | 1.21 *** (1.16, 1.27) | 1.18 *** (1.13, 1.24) | 1.25 *** (1.18, 1.32) | 1.15 *** (1.07, 1.23) | 1.24 *** (1.20, 1.29) |
Dealing with the court system | 1.21 *** (1.15, 1.27) | 1.13 *** (1.08, 1.19) | 1.16 *** (1.10, 1.22) | 1.19 *** (1.12, 1.25) | 1.21 *** (1.13, 1.29) | 1.19 *** (1.09, 1.29) | 1.17 *** (1.12, 1.22) |
The need to be accountable for doing your job | 1.26 *** (1.21, 1.32) | 1.27 *** (1.22, 1.32) | 1.28 *** (1.22, 1.34) | 1.27 *** (1.21, 1.33) | 1.26 *** (1.18, 1.34) | 1.23 *** (1.15, 1.33) | 1.32 *** (1.27, 1.38) |
Inadequate equipment | 1.28 *** (1.22, 1.34) | 1.22 *** (1.17, 1.28) | 1.20 *** (1.14, 1.25) | 1.23 *** (1.17, 1.29) | 1.25 *** (1.17, 1.33) | 1.08 (0.999, 1.16) | 1.25 *** (1.19, 1.30) |
Operational Stressors (PSP-Op) | |||||||
Mean Operational Stress Score | 2.19 *** (2.02, 2.38) | 2.14 *** (1.98, 2.31) | 2.07 *** (1.91, 2.25) | 1.98 *** (1.82, 2.16) | 2.05 *** (1.83, 2.28) | 1.41 *** (1.25, 1.58) | 2.30 *** (2.13, 2.48) |
Shift work | 1.20 *** (1.15, 1.25) | 1.19 *** (1.15, 1.24) | 1.14 *** (1.10, 1.19) | 1.16 *** (1.11, 1.22) | 1.14 *** (1.07, 1.20) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) | 1.21 *** (1.16, 1.25) |
Working alone at night | 1.24 *** (1.19, 1.30) | 1.20 *** (1.15, 1.26) | 1.19 *** (1.13, 1.24) | 1.21 *** (1.15, 1.27) | 1.24 *** (1.16, 1.31) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 1.20 *** (1.15, 1.25) |
Over-time demands | 1.22 *** (1.16, 1.27) | 1.23 *** (1.18, 1.28) | 1.21 *** (1.15, 1.26) | 1.19 *** (1.14, 1.25) | 1.25 *** (1.17, 1.33) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.15) | 1.23 *** (1.18, 1.28) |
Risk of being injured on the job | 1.34 *** (1.28, 1.50) | 1.28 *** (1.22, 1.33) | 1.29 *** (1.23, 1.35) | 1.28 *** (1.22, 1.35) | 1.38 *** (1.30, 1.47) | 1.13 *** (1.05, 1.22) | 1.31 *** (1.26, 1.37) |
Work-related activities on days off (e.g., court, community events) | 1.32 *** (1.26, 1.39) | 1.25 *** (1.19, 1.31) | 1.25 *** (1.19, 1.31) | 1.23 *** (1.17, 1.30) | 1.27 *** (1.19, 1.36) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) | 1.28 *** (1.22, 1.34) |
Potentially psychologically traumatic events (e.g., motor vehicle accidents, domestics, death, injury) | 1.48 *** (1.41, 1.55) | 1.37 *** (1.31, 1.43) | 1.39 *** (1.32, 1.46) | 1.32 *** (1.26, 1.39) | 1.45 *** (1.35, 1.54) | 1.26 *** (1.17, 1.36) | 1.43 *** (1.37, 1.49) |
Managing your social life outside of work | 1.46 *** (1.39, 1.53) | 1.56 *** (1.49, 1.64) | 1.55 *** (1.47, 1.63) | 1.47 *** (1.39, 1.56) | 1.49 *** (1.39, 1.59) | 1.26 *** (1.16, 1.36) | 1.58 *** (1.50, 1.66) |
Not enough time available to spend with friends and family | 1.37 *** (1.30, 1.44) | 1.34 *** (1.28, 1.41) | 1.38 *** (1.31, 1.46) | 1.26 *** (1.20, 1.33) | 1.32 *** (1.23, 1.41) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.20) | 1.35 *** (1.29, 1.41) |
Paperwork | 1.26 *** (1.20, 1.32) | 1.24 *** (1.19, 1.30) | 1.25 *** (1.19, 1.31) | 1.20 *** (1.13, 1.26) | 1.27 *** (1.18, 1.36) | 1.16 *** (1.07, 1.26) | 1.25 *** (1.20, 1.31) |
Eating healthy at work | 1.34 *** (1.28, 1.41) | 1.40 *** (1.34, 1.47) | 1.33 *** (1.27, 1.40) | 1.31 *** (1.24, 1.38) | 1.29 *** (1.21, 1.38) | 1.18 *** (1.09, 1.27) | 1.41 *** (1.35, 1.48) |
Finding time to stay in good physical condition | 1.39 *** (1.32, 1.46) | 1.50 *** (1.43, 1.57) | 1.42 *** (1.34, 1.50) | 1.33 *** (1.26, 1.41) | 1.37 *** (1.27, 1.48) | 1.19 *** (1.09, 1.29) | 1.49 *** (1.42, 1.56) |
Fatigue (e.g., shift work, over-time) | 1.47 *** (1.40, 1.55) | 1.62 *** (1.54, 1.71) | 1.48 *** (1.40, 1.56) | 1.39 *** (1.31, 1.47) | 1.51 *** (1.40, 1.63) | 1.22 *** (1.13, 1.32) | 1.54 *** (1.47, 1.61) |
Occupation-related health issues (e.g., back pain) | 1.41 *** (1.35, 1.47) | 1.40 *** (1.34, 1.46) | 1.38 *** (1.32, 1.45) | 1.30 *** (1.24, 1.37) | 1.45 *** (1.35, 1.55) | 1.17 *** (1.09, 1.26) | 1.38 *** (1.33, 1.44) |
Lack of understanding from family and friends about your work | 1.45 *** (1.39, 1.52) | 1.37 *** (1.32, 1.43) | 1.38 *** (1.32, 1.45) | 1.37 *** (1.30, 1.44) | 1.38 *** (1.30, 1.47) | 1.23 *** (1.15, 1.33) | 1.46 *** (1.40, 1.53) |
Making friends outside the job | 1.38 *** (1.32, 1.45) | 1.40 *** (1.34, 1.47) | 1.35 *** (1.28, 1.41) | 1.53 *** (1.45, 1.61) | 1.36 *** (1.28, 1.45) | 1.15 *** (1.07, 1.24) | 1.44 *** (1.38, 1.51) |
Upholding a “higher image” in public | 1.38 *** (1.32, 1.45) | 1.38 *** (1.32, 1.44) | 1.41 *** (1.34, 1.48) | 1.39 *** (1.33, 1.47) | 1.33 *** (1.25, 1.42) | 1.23 *** (1.14, 1.33) | 1.43 *** (1.37, 1.50) |
Negative comments from the public | 1.39 *** (1.32, 1.45) | 1.32 *** (1.26, 1.38) | 1.39 *** (1.32, 1.46) | 1.38 *** (1.31, 1.45) | 1.31 *** (1.23, 1.40) | 1.15 *** (1.06, 1.23) | 1.41 *** (1.35, 1.47) |
Limitations to your social life (e.g., who your friends are, where you socialize) | 1.40 *** (1.34, 1.47) | 1.41 *** (1.35, 1.47) | 1.39 *** (1.32, 1.46) | 1.41 *** (1.34, 1.48) | 1.34 *** (1.26, 1.43) | 1.20 *** (1.11, 1.29) | 1.45 *** (1.39, 1.51) |
Feeling like you are always on the job | 1.47 *** (1.40, 1.54) | 1.42 *** (1.36, 1.49) | 1.44 *** (1.37, 1.51) | 1.37 *** (1.30, 1.44) | 1.42 *** (1.33, 1.51) | 1.14 *** (1.06, 1.23) | 1.45 *** (1.39, 1.51) |
Friends/family feel the effects of the stigma associated with your job | 1.49 *** (1.42, 1.56) | 1.39 *** (1.33, 1.45) | 1.46 *** (1.39, 1.54) | 1.41 *** (1.34, 1.48) | 1.46 *** (1.37, 1.56) | 1.25 *** (1.16, 1.34) | 1.48 *** (1.41, 1.55) |
PTSD | MDD | Generalized Anxiety | Social Anxiety | Panic Disorder | Alcohol Use Disorder | Any Mental Disorder | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Model 1 | |||||||
Total Number of Potentially Psychologically Traumatic Event Exposure Types | 1.13 *** (1.09, 1.16) | 1.10 *** (1.07, 1.13) | 1.08 *** (1.05, 1.11) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 1.16 *** (1.10, 1.21) | 1.05 (0.996, 1.10) | 1.07 (1.05, 1.10) |
Model 2 | |||||||
Mean Organizational Stress Score | 2.15 *** (2.00, 2.31) | 1.90 *** (1.78, 2.03) | 1.90 *** (1.77, 2.05) | 1.75 *** (1.62, 1.89) | 1.96 *** (1.77, 2.16) | 1.37 *** (1.24, 1.53) | 1.99 *** (1.87, 2.12) |
Model 3 | |||||||
Mean Operational Stress Score | 2.28 *** (2.12, 2.46) | 2.18 *** (2.04, 2.34) | 2.09 *** (1.94, 2.25) | 1.98 *** (1.80, 2.09) | 2.09 *** (1.89, 2.31) | 1.39 *** (1.25, 1.55) | 2.29 *** (2.14, 2.46) |
Model 4 | |||||||
Total Number of Potentially Psychologically Traumatic Event Exposure Types | 1.06 *** (1.03, 1.10) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) | 1.09 *** (1.04, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) |
Mean Organizational Stress Score | 1.41 *** (1.26, 1.58) | 1.15 (1.04, 1.28) | 1.21 *** (1.08, 1.36) | 1.14 (1.01, 1.28) | 1.24 (1.05, 1.45) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.50) | 1.24 *** (1.12, 1.37) |
Mean Operational Stress Score | 1.72 *** (1.54, 1.92) | 1.93 *** (1.73, 2.14) | 1.80 *** (1.61, 2.03) | 1.80 *** (1.59, 2.03) | 1.76 *** (1.51, 2.06) | 1.33 (1.11, 1.59) | 1.96 *** (1.76, 2.17) |
Model 5 | |||||||
Trauma Exposure by Organizational Stress Interaction Term | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) |
Model 6 | |||||||
Trauma Exposure by Operational Stress Interaction Term | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.94, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) |
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Carleton, R.N.; Afifi, T.O.; Taillieu, T.; Turner, S.; Mason, J.E.; Ricciardelli, R.; McCreary, D.R.; Vaughan, A.D.; Anderson, G.S.; Krakauer, R.L.; et al. Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041234
Carleton RN, Afifi TO, Taillieu T, Turner S, Mason JE, Ricciardelli R, McCreary DR, Vaughan AD, Anderson GS, Krakauer RL, et al. Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(4):1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041234
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarleton, R. Nicholas, Tracie O. Afifi, Tamara Taillieu, Sarah Turner, Julia E. Mason, Rosemary Ricciardelli, Donald R. McCreary, Adam D. Vaughan, Gregory S. Anderson, Rachel L. Krakauer, and et al. 2020. "Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041234