Psychologists’ Role in Concussion Assessments for Children and Adolescents in Pediatric Practice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of Psychologists
2.1. Identification and Diagnosis
2.2. Treatment and Management
3. Role of Neuropsychologists
3.1. Cognitive Screening
3.2. Brief Neuropsychological Assessment
3.3. Comprehensive Neuropsychological Assessment
3.4. Performance Validity Testing
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Assessment | Type | Age Range | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) | Assessment tool | >2 years | The GCS is a measure of impairment of consciousness level resulting from a head injury. The scale measures eye response, verbal response, and motor response as measures of impairment. |
Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale (PGCS) | Assessment tool | ≤2 years | PGCS is a measure of impairment of consciousness level resulting from a head injury in children. The scale measures eye response, verbal response, and motor response as measures of impairment. |
Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) | Assessment tool | ≥9 years | SAC is a short measure of concussion impairment. The scale includes measures of orientation, memory, and concentration. |
Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 3 (SCAT-3) | Assessment tool | ≥13 years | SCAT-3 is the third iteration of the tool developed by the International Symposium on Concussion in Sport. The tool includes evaluations of symptoms, cognitive impairment, and physical impairment |
Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5 (SCAT-5) | Assessment tool | ≥13 years | SCAT-5 is the fourth iteration of the tool developed by the International Symposium on Concussion in Sport. The tool is a measure of concussion symptoms. |
Child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5 (CHILD SCAT-5) | Assessment tool | ≤12 years | Child SCAT-5 is the second iteration of the tool developed by the International Symposium on Concussion in Sport made for children. Similar to the adolescent/adult version, questions were specifically designed for children. |
Military Acute Concussion Evaluation 2 (MACE-2) | Assessment tool | ≥18 years | MACE-2 is an acute assessment tool designed to assess concussion symptoms in service members. The assessment includes measures of concussion symptoms, cognitive ability, and neurological symptoms. |
King–Devick Test | Assessment tool | ≥5 years | The King–Devick test is a 2 min assessment of eye movement, attention, and language functioning. The assessment can be administered via tablet. |
Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) | Balance test | ≥9 years | BESS is a measure of static postural stability in patients with head injuries. Requires patient to stand in different positions. |
Sensory Organization Test (SOT) | Balance test | ≥18 years | SOT is a measure of a patient’s visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular symptoms resulting from a head injury. The assessment involves the patient standing up in six different conditions. |
Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE) | Symptom scale | ≥5 years | ACE is a scale that includes a symptom checklist and identification of potential risk factors for complicated diagnosis. |
Concussion Symptom Inventory (CSI) | Symptom scale | ≥4 years | CSI is a measure of subjective concussion symptoms. Designed to monitor subjective concussion symptoms over time. |
Graded Symptom Checklist and Graded Symptom Scale (GSCGSS) | Symptom scale | ≥13 years | GSCGSS is a screening measure of concussion symptoms and severity over a 72 h post-injury span. |
Health and Behavior Inventory (HBI) | Symptom scale | 8 to 15 years | HBI is a self- and parent-reported measure of concussion symptoms. |
Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI) | Symptom scale | 5 to 18 years | PCSI is a self-report for age-specific items regarding the cognitive, emotional, sleep, and physical domains of concussion symptomology. |
Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) | Symptom scale | ≤11 years | PCSS is a screening measure of concussion symptoms, designed to track changes in symptoms over time. |
Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPCS) | Symptom scale | 13 to 65 years | RPCS is a self-reported scale of 16 concussion symptoms across three domains: physical, cognitive, and behavioral. |
Automated Neuropsychology Assessment Metrics (ANAM) | Computerized neurocognitive | ≥16 years | ANAM is a computer-based battery of tests designed to measure neurocognitive skills, including attention, processing speed, and visuospatial ability. |
Pediatric Automated Neuropsychological Assessment (PANAM) | Computerized neurocognitive | ≥10 years | PANAM is a computer-based battery of tests designed to measure neurocognitive skills, including attention, processing speed, and visuospatial ability in patients younger than 10 years old. |
CogSport/Axon | Computerized neurocognitive | ≥11 years | Cogsport is a computerized neuropsychological test battery designed to measure psychomotor function, processing speed, vigilance, and memory. |
Concussion Resolution Index (CRI) | Computerized neurocognitive | ≥13 years | CRI is a computerized neuropsychological testing battery designed to measure processing speed, visual scanning, and memory. |
Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (IPCACT) | Computerized neurocognitive | ≥5 years | IPCACT is an online computerized neuropsychological test battery that includes the collection of demographic information, a list of symptoms, and measures of attention, memory, working memory, reaction time, and learning. |
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Apple, R.W.; Stran, B.M.; Tross, B. Psychologists’ Role in Concussion Assessments for Children and Adolescents in Pediatric Practice. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207549
Apple RW, Stran BM, Tross B. Psychologists’ Role in Concussion Assessments for Children and Adolescents in Pediatric Practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20):7549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207549
Chicago/Turabian StyleApple, Roger W., Brian M. Stran, and Brandon Tross. 2020. "Psychologists’ Role in Concussion Assessments for Children and Adolescents in Pediatric Practice" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207549