Does Smartphone Addiction Fall on a Continuum of Addictive Behaviors?
1
Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
2
Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 South McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020422
Received: 7 November 2019
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Revised: 31 December 2019
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Accepted: 4 January 2020
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Published: 8 January 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet and Smartphone Use-Related Addiction Health Problems: Treatment, Education and Research)
Due to the high accessibility and mobility of smartphones, widespread and pervasive smartphone use has become the social norm, exposing users to various health and other risk factors. There is, however, a debate on whether addiction to smartphone use is a valid behavioral addiction that is distinct from similar conditions, such as Internet and gaming addiction. The goal of this review is to gather and integrate up-to-date research on measures of smartphone addiction (SA) and problematic smartphone use (PSU) to better understand (a) if they are distinct from other addictions that merely use the smartphone as a medium, and (b) how the disorder(s) may fall on a continuum of addictive behaviors that at some point could be considered an addiction. A systematic literature search adapted from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method was conducted to find all relevant articles on SA and PSU published between 2017 and 2019. A total of 108 articles were included in the current review. Most studies neither distinguished SA from other technological addictions nor clarified whether SA was an addiction to the actual smartphone device or to the features that the device offers. Most studies also did not directly base their research on a theory to explain the etiologic origins or causal pathways of SA and its associations. Suggestions are made regarding how to address SA as an emerging behavioral addiction.
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Keywords:
smartphone addiction; problematic smartphone use
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MDPI and ACS Style
Yu, S.; Sussman, S. Does Smartphone Addiction Fall on a Continuum of Addictive Behaviors? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020422
AMA Style
Yu S, Sussman S. Does Smartphone Addiction Fall on a Continuum of Addictive Behaviors? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(2):422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020422
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Sheila, and Steve Sussman. 2020. "Does Smartphone Addiction Fall on a Continuum of Addictive Behaviors?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020422
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