“Dreaming Undreamt Dreams” in Psychological Counseling with Italian Women Who Experienced Intimate Partner Violence: A Phenomenological-Interpretative Analysis of the Psychologists’ Experience
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Working on Trauma in Services for Women Who Experienced IPV: The Function of the Operator’s Mind
1.2. Objective
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Interview
- Characteristics and meanings that psychologists in the anti-violence centers attribute to the psychological intervention with women who suffer IPV (What is the structure of the intervention? What are the strengths and difficulties of the professional experience? Who are the figures involved? What is the role of the psychologist? What is the duration of the psychological intervention?).
- Emergence of dreams and sleep disorders as well as roles and functions attributed by the psychologist to the dream process during the psychological intervention (Do women report suffering from insomnia? Do women report difficulty falling asleep or intermittent awakenings? Do women report post-traumatic dreams and if yes, what characterizes them? If dreams emerge during clinical support intervention, how are they used? If narration of dreams emerges, when does this usually happen? What meaning do you attribute to dreams in your clinical practice?).
2.2. Setting and Procedure
2.3. Participants
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Day and Night, Neither Awake nor Asleep
3.2. Anti-Violence Centers: Setting as A Container of Emotion
3.3. Dreaming Undreamt Dreams
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization. Responding to Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence against Women: WHO Clinical and Policy Guidelines; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Agence des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne. La Violence à L’égard des Femmes: Une Enquête à L’échelle de l’UE-Les Resultats en Bref; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Dipartimento Per Le Pari Opportunità: La Violenza Contro Le Donne; ISTAT: Rome, Italy, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Voth Schrag, R.J.; Robinson, S.R.; Ravi, K. Understanding pathways within intimate partner violence: Economic abuse, economic hardship, and mental health. J. Aggress. Maltreat. Trauma 2019, 28, 222–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fedele, K.M.; Johnson, N.L.; Caldwell, J.C.; Shteynberg, Y.; Sanders, S.E.; Holmes, S.C.; Johnson, D.M. The impact of comorbid diagnoses on the course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in residents of battered women’s shelters. Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy 2018, 10, 628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sullivan, T.P.; Weiss, N.H. Is firearm threat in intimate relationships associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among women? Violence Gender 2017, 4, 31–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Black, M.C. Intimate partner violence and adverse health consequences: Implications for clinicians. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 2011, 5, 428–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ellsberg, M.; Jansen, H.A.; Heise, L.; Watts, C.H.; Garcia-Moreno, C. Intimate partner violence and women’s physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence: An observational study. Lancet 2008, 371, 1165–1172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campbell, J.C. Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet 2002, 359, 1331–1336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Golding, J.M. Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: A meta-analysis. J. Fam. Violence 1999, 14, 99–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Keefe, M. Factors mediating the link between witnessing interparental violence and dating violence. J. Fam. Violence 1998, 13, 39–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Resnick, H.S.; Kilpatrick, D.G.; Dansky, B.S.; Saunders, B.E.; Best, C.L. Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1993, 61, 984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bohleber, W. Destructiveness, Intersubjectivity and Trauma: The Identity Crisis of Modern Psychoanalysis; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Mucci, C. Trauma e Perdono. Una Prospettiva Psicoanalitica Intergenerazionale; Raffaello Cortina: Milano, Italy, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Herman Lewis, J. Trauma and Recovery; Basic Books: New York City, NY, USA, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Troisi, G. Measuring intimate partner violence and traumatic affect: Development of VITA, an Italian scale. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 1282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Troisi, G. La consultazione nel trauma della violenza di genere. Psicoter. Psicoanal. 2019, 2, 178–188. [Google Scholar]
- De Vincenzo, M.; Troisi, G. Jusqu’à ce que la mort nous sépare. Silence et aliénation dans les violences conjugales. Topique 2018, 2, 111–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Margherita, G.; Troisi, G. Gender violence and shame. The visible and the invisible, from the clinical to the social systems. La camera Blu. Rivista di Studi di Genere 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bohleber, W. Ricordo, trauma e memoria collettiva. La battaglia per il ricordo in psicoanalisi. Riv. Psicoanal. 2007, 53, 367–394. [Google Scholar]
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®); American Psychiatric Pub: Washington, WA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Harb, G.C.; Cook, J.M.; Gehrman, P.R.; Gamble, G.M.; Ross, R.J. Post-traumatic stress disorder nightmares and sleep disturbance in Iraq war veterans: A feasible and promising treatment combination. J. Aggress. Maltreat. Trauma 2009, 18, 516–531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babson, K.A.; Feldner, M.T. Temporal relations between sleep problems and both traumatic event exposure and PTSD: A critical review of the empirical literature. J. Anxiety Disord. 2010, 24, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Spoormaker, V.I.; Montgomery, P. Disturbed sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder: Secondary symptom or core feature? Sleep Med. Rev. 2008, 12, 169–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ross, R.J.; Ball, W.A.; Sullivan, K.A.; Caroff, S.N. Sleep disturbance as the hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 1989, 146, 697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Varvin, S.; Fischmann, T.; Jovic, V.; Rosenbaum, B.; Hau, S. Traumatic dreams: Symbolisation Gone Astray. In Significance of Dreams; Karnac Books: London, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Phelps, A.J.; Forbes, D.; Creamer, M. Understanding posttraumatic nightmares: An empirical and conceptual review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2008, 28, 338–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rasmussen, B. No refuge: An exploratory survey of nightmares, dreams, and sleep patterns in women dealing with relationship violence. Violence Against Women 2007, 13, 314–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schreuder, B.J.; Kleijn, W.C. Intrusive phenomena after psychotrauma. Italian J. Psychiatry Behav. Sci. 2001, 11, 29–34. [Google Scholar]
- Schreuder, B.J.; Kleijn, W.C.; Rooijmans, H.G. Nocturnal re-experiencing more than forty years after war trauma. J. Trauma. Stress 2000, 13, 453–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hartmann, E. Dreams and Nightmares: The New Theory on The Origin and Meaning of Dreams; Plenum Trade: New York, NY, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Van der Kolk, B.; Blitz, R.; Burr, W.; Sherry, S.; Hartmann, E. Nightmares and trauma: A comparison of nightmares after combat with lifelong nightmares in veterans. Am. J. Psychiatry 1984, 141, 187–190. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Humphreys, J.C.; Lee, K.A.; Neylan, T.C.; Marmar, C.R. Sleep patterns of sheltered battered women. J. Nurs. Scholarsh. 1999, 31, 139–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Woods, S.J.; Kozachik, S.L.; Hall, R.J. Subjective sleep quality in women experiencing intimate partner violence: Contributions of situational, psychological, and physiological factors. J. Trauma. Stress 2010, 23, 141–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pigeon, W.R.; Cerulli, C.; Richards, H.; He, H.; Perlis, M.; Caine, E. Sleep disturbances and their association with mental health among women exposed to intimate partner violence. J. Women’s Health 2011, 20, 1923–1929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Valli, K.; Revonsuo, A.; Pälkäs, O.; Punamäki, R.L. The effect of trauma on dream content–A field study of Palestinian children. Dreaming 2006, 16, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duke, T.; Davidson, J. Ordinary and recurrent dream recall of active, past and non-recurrent dreamers during and after academic stress. Dreaming 2002, 12, 185–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rothbaum, B.O.; Mellman, T.A. Dreams and exposure therapy in PTSD. J. Trauma. Stress 2001, 14, 481–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Margherita, G.; Boursier, V.; Gargiulo, A.; Nicolo, G. To dream and to narrate motherhood: A thematic analysis of pregnant women’s dreams. Psicol. Clin. Dello Svilupp. 2017, 21, 237–255. [Google Scholar]
- Margherita, G.; Gargiulo, A.; Martino, M.L. Dream narration in healthy and at-risk pregnancy. Dreaming 2015, 25, 88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pöstényi, A. Hitom lustprincipen. Dröm, trauma, dödsdrift. Divan 1996, 3, 4–16. [Google Scholar]
- Fischmann, T.; Russ, M.O.; Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. Trauma, dream, and psychic change in psychoanalyses: A dialog between psychoanalysis and the neurosciences. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2013, 7, 877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Freud, S. The Interpretation of Dreams; The International Psychoanalytical Press: London, UK, 1900. [Google Scholar]
- Freud, S. Beyond the Pleasure Principle; The International Psychoanalytical Press: London, UK, 1920. [Google Scholar]
- Lansky, M.R.; Bley, C.R. Posttraumatic Nightmares: Psychodynamic Explorations; Analytic Press: El Dorado Hills, CA, USA, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Bateman, A.W.; Fonagy, P. Mentalization-based treatment of BPD. J. Personal. Disord. 2004, 18, 36–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Caretti, V.; Capraro, G.; Schimmenti, A. Memorie Traumatiche e Mentalizzazione: Teoria, Ricerca e Clinica; Astrolabio: Roma, Italy, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Adams-Silvan, A.; Silvan, M. ‘A Dream is the fulfilment of a wish’: Traumatic dream, repetition compulsion, and the pleasure principle. Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 2013, 71, 513–522. [Google Scholar]
- Glucksman, M.L.; Kramer, M. Using dreams to assess clinical change during treatment. J. Am. Acad. Psychoanal. Dyn. Psychiatry 2004, 32, 345–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lundy, M.; Grossman, S. Clinical research and practice with battered women: What we know, what we need to know. Trauma Violence Abuse 2001, 2, 120–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bogat, G.A.; Garcia, A.M.; Levendosky, A.A. Assessment and psychotherapy with women experiencing intimate partner violence: Integrating research and practice. Psychodyn. Psychiatry 2013, 41, 189–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, L.E.; Howell, K.H.; Graham-Bermann, S.A. The effect of an evidence-based intervention on women’s exposure to intimate partner violence. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 2014, 84, 321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Condino, V.; Tanzilli, A.; Speranza, A.M.; Lingiardi, V. Therapeutic interventions in intimate partner violence: An overview. Res. Psychother. 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rabin, R.F.; Jennings, J.M.; Campbell, J.C.; Bair-Merritt, M.H. Intimate partner violence screening tools: A systematic review. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2009, 36, 439–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Di Napoli, I.; Procentese, F.; Carnevale, S.; Esposito, C.; Arcidiacono, C. Ending intimate partner violence (IPV) and locating men at stake: An ecological approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health 2019, 16, 1652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Dipartimento pari opportunità: I centri antiviolenza; ISTAT: Roma, Italy, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Fasanelli, R.; Galli, I.; Grassia, M.G.; Marino, M.; Cataldo, R.; Lauro, N.C.; Castiello, C.; Grassia, F.; Arcidiacono, C.; Procentese, F. The use of partial least squares–Path modelling to understand the impact of ambivalent sexism on violence-justification among adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health 2020, 17, 4991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eckhardt, C.I.; Murphy, C.M.; Whitaker, D.J.; Sprunger, J.; Dykstra, R.; Woodard, K. The effectiveness of intervention programs for perpetrators and victims of intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse 2013, 4, 196–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baldry, A.C.; Winkel, F.W. Intimate Partner Violence Prevention and Intervention: The Risk Assessment and Management Approach; Nova Publishers: Hauppauge, NY, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Coker, A.L.; Smith, P.H.; Thompson, M.P.; McKeown, R.E.; Bethea, L.; Davis, K.E. Social support protects against the negative effects of partner violence on mental health. J. Women’s Health Gender-Based Med. 2002, 11, 465–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cort, N.A.; Cerulli, C.; Poleshuck, E.L.; Bellenger, K.M.; Xia, Y.; Tu, X.; Talbot, N.L. Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed women with histories of intimate partner violence. Psychol. Trauma 2014, 6, 700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaslow, N.J.; Leiner, A.S.; Reviere, S.; Jackson, E.; Bethea, K.; Bhaju, J.; Thompson, M.P. Suicidal, abused African American women’s response to a culturally informed intervention. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2010, 78, 449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foulkes, S.H. Principles and practice of group therapy. Bull. Menn. Clinic. 1946, 10, 85. [Google Scholar]
- Stover, C.S.; Meadows, A.L.; Kaufman, J. Interventions for intimate partner violence: Review and implications for evidence-based practice. Prof. Psychol. 2009, 40, 223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pennebaker, J.W.; Francis, M.E. Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure. Cogn. Emot. 1996, 10, 601–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smyth, J.M.; Stone, A.A.; Hurewitz, A.; Kaell, A. Effects of writing about stressful experiences on symptom reduction in patients with asthma or rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized trial. JAMA 1999, 281, 1304–1309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, E.J.; Heimberg, R.G. Effects of writing about rape: Evaluating Pennebaker’s paradigm with a severe trauma. J. Trauma. Stress 2001, 14, 781–790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Margherita, G.; Tessitore, F. From individual to social and relational dimensions in asylum-seekers’ narratives: A multidimensional approach. Eur. J. Psychother. Couns. 2019, 21, 96–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tessitore, F.; Margherita, G. Land of care seeking: Pre-and post-migratory experiences in asylum seekers’ narratives. Community Psychol. Glob. Perspec. 2020, 6, 74–91. [Google Scholar]
- Brosi, M.W.; Rolling, E.S. A narrative journey for intimate partner violence: From victim to survivor. J. Fam. Ther. 2010, 38, 237–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bion, W.R. Learning from Experience; Karnac Books: London, UK, 1962. [Google Scholar]
- Steed, L.G.; Downing, R. A phenomenological study of vicarious traumatisation amongst psychologists and professional counsellors working in the field of sexual abuse/assault. Australas. J. Disaster Trauma Stud. 1998, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goldblatt, H.; Buchbinder, E.; Eisikovits, Z.; Arizon-Mesinger, I. Between the professional and the private: The meaning of working with intimate partner violence in social workers’ private lives. Violence Against Women 2009, 15, 362–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Procentese, F.; Di Napoli, I.; Tuccillo, F.; Chiurazzi, A.; Arcidiacono, C. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions and concerns towards domestic violence during pregnancy in Southern Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publlic Health 2019, 16, 3087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Autiero, M.; Procentese, F.; Carnevale, S.; Arcidiacono, C.; Di Napoli, I. Combatting intimate partner violence: Representations of social and healthcare personnel working with gender-based violence interventions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health 2020, 17, 5543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Esposito, C.; Di Napoli, I.; Esposito, C.; Carnevale, S.; Arcidiacono, C. Violence against women: A not in my backyard (NIMBY) phenomenon. Violence Gender 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCann, I.L.; Pearlman, L.A. Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. J. Trauma. Stress 1990, 3, 131–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Way, I.; VanDeusen, K.M.; Martin, G.; Applegate, B.; Jandle, D. Vicarious trauma: A comparison of clinicians who treat survivors of sexual abuse and sexual offenders. J. Interpers. Violence 2004, 19, 49–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trippany, R.L.; Wilcoxon, S.A.; Satcher, J.F. Factors influencing vicarious traumatization for therapists of survivors of sexual victimization. J. Trauma Pract. 2003, 2, 47–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bromberg, P.M. On being one’s dream: Some reflections on Robert Bosnak’s “Embodied Imagination”. Contemp. Psychoanal. 2003, 39, 697–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, J.A. Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health Psychol. Rev. 2011, 5, 9–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alase, A. The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA): A guide to a good qualitative research approach. Int. J. Educ. Lit. Stud. 2017, 5, 9–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Belicki, K.; Cuddy, M. Identifying Sexual Trauma Histories from Patterns of SLEEP and Dreams. In Barrett, Trauma and Dreams; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Campbell, J.C.; Lewandowski, L.A. Mental and physical health effects of intimate partner violence on women and children. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 1997, 20, 353–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lowe, P.; Humphreys, C.; Williams, S.J. Night terrors: Women’s experiences of (not) sleeping where there is domestic violence. Violence Against Women 2007, 13, 549–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mathieu, N.C. L’anatomie Politique: Catégorisations Et Idéologies Du Sexe; Côté-femmes: Paris, France, 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Romito, P. Un Silenzio Assordante: La Violenza Occultata su Donne e Minori; Francoangeli: Milano, Italy, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Van der Kolk, B.; Fisler, R. Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Background and experimental evidence. J. Trauma. Stress 2005, 9, 505–525. [Google Scholar]
- Ferro, A.; Bolognini, S. Sognare L’analisi: Sviluppi Clinici Del Pensiero Di Wilfred R; Bollati Boringhieri: Torino, Italy, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Ogden, T.H. This Art of Psychoanalysis: Dreaming Undreamt Dreams and Interrupted Cries; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Kessler, R.C.; Aguilar-Gaxiola, S.; Alonso, J.; Benjet, C.; Bromet, E.J.; Cardoso, G.; Florescu, S. Trauma and PTSD in the WHO world mental health surveys. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2017, 8, 1353383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaës, R. Le Groupe Et Le Sujet Du Groupe: Éléments Pour Une Théorie Psychanalytique Du Groupe; Dunod: Paris, France, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Hill, C.E.; Knox, S.; Crook-Lyon, R.E.; Hess, S.A.; Miles, J.; Spangler, P.T.; Pudasaini, S. Dreaming of you: Client and therapist dreams about each other during psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychother. Res. 2014, 24, 523–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Domhoff, G.W. Finding Meaning in Dreams: A Quantitative Approach; Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin, Germany, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Hall, C.S.; Van De Castle, R.L. The Content Analysis of Dreams; Appleton-Century-Crofts: East Norwalk, CT, USA, 1966. [Google Scholar]
- Schredl, M. Questionnaires and diaries as research instruments in dream research: Methodological issues. Dreaming 2002, 12, 17–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schredl, M. Dream content analysis: Basic principles. Int. J. Dream Res. 2010, 3, 65–73. [Google Scholar]
- Schredl, M.; Berres, S.; Klingauf, A.; Schellhaas, S.; Göritz, A. The Mannheim Dream questionnaire (MADRE): Retest reliability, age and gender effects. Int. J. Dream Res. 2014, 7, 141–147. [Google Scholar]
- Settineri, S.; Frisone, F.; Alibrandi, A.; Merlo, E.M. Italian adaptation of the Mannheim Dream Questionnaire (MADRE): Age, gender and dream recall effects. Int. J. Dream Res. 2019, 12, 119–129. [Google Scholar]
- Willing, C. Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology; McGraw-Hill House: Berkshire, UK, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Margherita, G.; Troisi, G.; Tessitore, F.; Gargiulo, A. Teen mothers who are daughters of teen mothers: Psychological intergenerational dimensions of early motherhood. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 2017, 83, 294–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anagnostaki, L.; Zaharia, A. A psychoanalytic and qualitative research on immigrants’ “left-behind” children: “I understand why they left, but why did they leave?”. Int. J. Appl. Psychoanal. Stud. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stephens, M. 1982 A question of generalisability. Theory and Research in Social Education 9: 75–86. Cited in: Johnson JL 1997 Generalizability in Qualitative Research: Excavating the Discourse. In Completing a Qualitative Project: Details and Dialogue; Morse, J.M., Ed.; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 1997; pp. 191–208. [Google Scholar]
Pseudonym | Age | Clinical Approach and Orientation | Experience in Anti-Violence Centers | Counseling Cycles |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alda | 32 | Training in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy | 2 years and 6 months | Cycles of 8 sessions |
Rosa | 30 | Training in Systemic Therapy | 2 years | Cycles of 8 sessions |
Sibilla | 31 | Training in Systemic Therapy | 4 years | Cycles of 8 sessions |
Maya | 41 | Training in Systemic Therapy | 10 years | Cycles of 8 sessions |
Arianna | 38 | Training in Systemic Therapy | 13 years | Cycles of 4 sessions |
Sabina | 31 | Training in Psychodynamic Therapy | 5 years | Cycles of 8 sessions |
Emma | 35 | Training in Transactional Analysis and Gestalt Therapy | 5 years | Cycles of 8 sessions |
Mafalda | 36 | Training in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy | 10 years | Cycles of 12 sessions |
Barbara | 41 | Training in Psychodynamic Therapy | 15 years | Cycles of 5 sessions |
Melania | 31 | Training in Bioenergetic Analysis Therapy | 4 years | Cycles of 5 sessions |
Diana | 34 | Training in Systemic Therapy | 7 years | Cycles of 5 sessions |
Eva | 31 | Training in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy | 4 years | Cycles of 5 sessions |
Superordinate and Emerging Themes | Alda | Rosa | Sibilla | Maya | Arianna | Sabina | Emma | Mafalda | Barbara | Melania | Diana | Eva |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day and night, neither awake nor asleep | ||||||||||||
The terror of the partner besieges the space of the night | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
Impossible to abandon and impossible to regress | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
What state of consciousness | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||||
Anti-violence centers: Setting as a containers of emotion | ||||||||||||
The concrete in the foreground: the work on the emergency | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||||
The impotence of the psychologist | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||||
A female embrace: limit and resource | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||||||
Dreaming undreamt dreams | ||||||||||||
For women it is impossible to dream | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
The image from which to escape | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||
The vicarious function of the mind of the other. I am the one who dreams of the women I meet | * | * | * | * | * | * |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Margherita, G.; Troisi, G.; Incitti, M.I. “Dreaming Undreamt Dreams” in Psychological Counseling with Italian Women Who Experienced Intimate Partner Violence: A Phenomenological-Interpretative Analysis of the Psychologists’ Experience. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6286. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176286
Margherita G, Troisi G, Incitti MI. “Dreaming Undreamt Dreams” in Psychological Counseling with Italian Women Who Experienced Intimate Partner Violence: A Phenomenological-Interpretative Analysis of the Psychologists’ Experience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6286. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176286
Chicago/Turabian StyleMargherita, Giorgia, Gina Troisi, and Maria Ilaria Incitti. 2020. "“Dreaming Undreamt Dreams” in Psychological Counseling with Italian Women Who Experienced Intimate Partner Violence: A Phenomenological-Interpretative Analysis of the Psychologists’ Experience" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6286. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176286