Cross-Sectional Association between Behaviors Related to Sugar-Containing Foods and Dental Outcomes among Hispanic Immigrants
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Survey Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Outcome/Behavior | Mexico n (%) | Guatemala n (%) | El Salvador n (%) | Honduras n (%) | All n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
How would you describe the condition of your teeth and gums? YES if answer = excellent/very good/good (Condition of teeth/gums excellent/very good/good) | |||||
No | 201 (63%) | 40 (76%) | 51 (82%) | 38 (56%) | 330 (65%) |
Yes | 118 (37%) | 13 (25%) | 12 (19%) | 30 (42%) | 173 (34%) |
During the past 12 months, did you have pain in your teeth (a dull, aching pain across your face or cheek)? (Toothache in the last 12 months) | |||||
Yes | 115 (35%) | 23 (43%) | 9 (15%) | 22 (33%) | 169 (33%) |
No | 211 (65%) | 30 (57%) | 53 (85%) | 44 (67%) | 338 (67%) |
During the past 6 months, how often did you suffer from sore or bleeding gums? YES if answer = often/sometimes (Sore/bleeding gums in the last 6 months) | |||||
Yes | 115 (37%) | 24 (45%) | 16 (26%) | 21 (31%) | 176 (35%) |
No | 198 (63%) | 29 (55%) | 46 (74%) | 48 (70%) | 321 (65%) |
Have you been prescribed antibiotics or painkillers because of problems with your teeth in the past year? (Antibiotics in the last 12 months) | |||||
No | 292 (90%) | 35 (66%) | 52 (83%) | 54 (78%) | 433 (85%) |
Yes | 34 (10%) | 18 (34%) | 11 (17%) | 15 (22%) | 78 (15%) |
During the 6 months, did you take over-the-counter medicine (e.g., Tylenol, Advil, ibuprofen, aspirin) for problems with your mouth, gums, or teeth? | |||||
No | 262 (80%) | 22 (42%) | 36 (60%) | 38 (55%) | 358 (71%) |
Yes | 64 (20%) | 30 (58%) | 24 (40%) | 31 (45%) | 149 (29%) |
How many of your adult teeth have been removed SPECIFICALLY because of tooth decay or gum disease? YES if answer ≥1 tooth (Any teeth removed due to caries/gum disease) | |||||
No | 174 (52%) | 20 (40%) | 30 (51%) | 31 (47%) | 255 (50%) |
Yes | 158 (48%) | 30 (60%) | 29 (49%) | 35 (53%) | 252 (50%) |
During the past 6 months, how often were you self-conscious or embarrassed because of the way your mouth looks? (Embarrassed by the way mouth looks) | |||||
Often | 28 (10%) | 7 (13%) | 8 (13%) | 3 (4%) | 46 (10%) |
Sometimes | 102 (35%) | 15 (28%) | 11 (18%) | 13 (19%) | 141 (30%) |
Rarely | 74 (25%) | 12 (23%) | 10 (17%) | 16 (23%) | 112 (24%) |
Never | 88 (30%) | 19 (36%) | 31 (52%) | 37 (54%) | 175 (37%) |
During the past 6 months, how often were you self-conscious or embarrassed because of the way your mouth smells? (Embarrassed by the way mouth smells) | |||||
Often | 12 (4%) | 3 (6%) | 2 (3%) | 17 (4%) | |
Sometimes | 110 (38%) | 19 (36%) | 15 (25%) | 18 (26%) | 162 (34%) |
Rarely | 85 (29%) | 13 (25%) | 21 (35%) | 21 (30%) | 140 (30%) |
Never | 83 (29%) | 18 (34%) | 22 (37%) | 30 (43%) | 153 (32%) |
During the past 6 months, how often did you feel that life in general was less satisfying because of problems with your mouth or your breath? (Life less satisfying due to mouth/breath) | |||||
Very often | 14 (5%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (5%) | 1 (1%) | 19 (4%) |
Occasionally | 87 (29%) | 14 (26%) | 12 (19%) | 14 (20%) | 127 (26%) |
Hardly ever | 66 (22%) | 9 (17%) | 11 (17%) | 11 (16%) | 97 (20%) |
Never | 134 (45%) | 29 (55%) | 37 (59%) | 43 (62%) | 243 (50%) |
During the past 6 months, how often did you avoid particular foods because of problems with your mouth? (Avoid foods because of mouth problems) | |||||
Very often | 14 (5%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (5%) | 3 (4%) | 21 (4%) |
Occasionally | 91 (29%) | 13 (25%) | 10 (16%) | 12 (17%) | 126 (26%) |
Hardly ever | 77 (25%) | 11 (21%) | 11 (18%) | 9 (13%) | 108 (22%) |
Never | 129 (41%) | 27 (52%) | 38 (61%) | 45 (65%) | 239 (48%) |
I often eat (anything) within one hour of going to bed (Eat or drink within 1 h before bedtime) | |||||
No | 89 (27%) | 19 (36%) | 31 (49%) | 24 (35%) | 163 (32%) |
Yes | 237 (73%) | 34 (64%) | 32 (51%) | 45 (65%) | 348 (68%) |
I often eat (food or snack) within one hour of going to bed (Eat snack/foods within 1 h before bedtime) | |||||
No | 154 (47%) | 26 (49%) | 40 (63%) | 39 (57%) | 259 (51%) |
Yes | 172 (53%) | 27 (51%) | 23 (37%) | 30 (43%) | 252 (49%) |
I often drink (beverage) within one hour of going to bed (Drink within 1 h before bedtime) | |||||
No | 115 (35%) | 30 (57%) | 39 (62%) | 33 (48%) | 217 (42%) |
Yes | 211 (65%) | 23 (43%) | 24 (38%) | 36 (52%) | 294 (58%) |
Mexico (n = 326) | Guatemala (n = 53) | El Salvador (n = 63) | Honduras (n = 69) | All (n = 511) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 69 (0–544) | 60 (6–776) | 59 (1–273) | 62 (0–414) | 66 (0–776) |
Food | 20 (0–261) | 16 (2–162) | 12 (1–146) | 18 (0–350) | 19 (0–350) |
Drink | 43 (0–480) a | 36 (2–662) ab | 29 (0–170) b | 34 (0–405) ab | 41 (0–662) |
Diet-Related Behavior | Response | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % or Mean (SD) | n | % or Mean (SD) | |||
Condition of teeth and gums | ||||||
Very good/Good | Fair/Poor/Very Poor | |||||
Food before bed | No | 105 | 41% | 152 | 59% | 0.002 |
Yes | 68 | 28% | 178 | 72% | ||
Drink before bed | No | 89 | 42% | 125 | 58% | 0.003 |
Yes | 84 | 29% | 205 | 71% | ||
Food/drink before bed | No | 73 | 45% | 89 | 55% | 0.001 |
Yes | 100 | 29% | 241 | 71% | ||
ln (Daily sugar intake) | 156 | 4.1 (1.0) | 302 | 4.1 (1.1) | 0.532 | |
ln (Daily sugar from food) | 156 | 3.0 (1.1) | 302 | 3.0 (1.2) | 0.882 | |
ln (Daily sugar from beverages) | 156 | 3.5 (1.1) | 302 | 3.6 (1.3) | 0.409 | |
Avoid foods because of problems with mouth | ||||||
Often/Sometimes | Rarely/Never | |||||
Food before bed | No | 68 | 27% | 187 | 73% | 0.121 |
Yes | 79 | 33% | 160 | 67% | ||
Drink before bed | No | 51 | 24% | 163 | 76% | 0.012 |
Yes | 96 | 34% | 184 | 66% | ||
Food/drink before bed | No | 41 | 25% | 120 | 75% | 0.147 |
Yes | 106 | 32% | 227 | 68% | ||
ln (Daily sugar intake) | 139 | 4.0 (1.2) | 310 | 4.1 (1.0) | 0.557 | |
ln (Daily sugar from food) | 139 | 3.0 (1.2) | 310 | 3.0 (1.1) | 0.995 | |
ln (Daily sugar from beverages) | 139 | 3.5 (1.4) | 310 | 3.5 (1.2) | 0.627 | |
Life less satisfying because of mouth/breath problems | ||||||
Often/Sometimes | Rarely/Never | |||||
Food before bed | No | 75 | 30% | 179 | 70% | 0.796 |
Yes | 71 | 31% | 161 | 69% | ||
Drink before bed | No | 54 | 25% | 159 | 75% | 0.046 |
Yes | 92 | 34% | 181 | 66% | ||
Food/drink before bed | No | 43 | 27% | 118 | 73% | 0.259 |
Yes | 103 | 32% | 222 | 68% | ||
ln (Daily sugar intake) | 135 | 4.1 (1.1) | 306 | 4.1 (1.1) | 0.937 | |
ln (Daily sugar from food) | 135 | 2.9 (1.2) | 306 | 3.0 (1.1) | 0.714 | |
ln (Daily sugar from beverages) | 135 | 3.5 (1.3) | 306 | 3.5 (1.2) | 0.876 | |
Sore or bleeding gums | ||||||
Often/Sometimes | Rarely/Never | |||||
Food before bed | No | 80 | 31% | 175 | 69% | 0.053 |
Yes | 96 | 40% | 146 | 60% | ||
Drink before bed | No | 64 | 30% | 150 | 70% | 0.026 |
Yes | 112 | 40% | 171 | 60% | ||
Food/drink before bed | No | 45 | 28% | 116 | 72% | 0.016 |
Yes | 131 | 39% | 205 | 61% | ||
ln (Daily sugar intake) | 161 | 4.2 (1.2) | 291 | 4.1 (1.0) | 0.339 | |
ln (Daily sugar from food) | 161 | 2.9 (1.2) | 291 | 3.0 (1.1) | 0.464 | |
ln (Daily sugar from beverages) | 161 | 3.7 (1.3) | 291 | 3.5 (1.2) | 0.036 | |
Prescription medication for oral or dental problems | ||||||
No | Yes | |||||
Food before bed | No | 224 | 86% | 35 | 14% | 0.265 |
Yes | 209 | 83% | 43 | 17% | ||
Drink before bed | No | 191 | 88% | 26 | 12% | 0.076 |
Yes | 242 | 82% | 52 | 18% | ||
Food/drink before bed | No | 145 | 89% | 18 | 11% | 0.069 |
Yes | 288 | 83% | 60 | 17% | ||
ln (Daily sugar intake) | 396 | 4.0 (1.1) | 70 | 4.5 (1.0) | 0.001 | |
ln (Daily sugar from food) | 396 | 2.9 (1.1) | 70 | 3.4 (1.1) | 0.003 | |
ln (Daily sugar from beverages) | 396 | 3.5 (1.2) | 70 | 3.9 (1.2) | 0.004 | |
Dental pain | ||||||
No | Yes | |||||
Food before bed | No | 183 | 71% | 74 | 29% | 0.028 |
Yes | 155 | 62% | 95 | 38% | ||
Drink before bed | No | 155 | 72% | 60 | 28% | 0.026 |
Yes | 183 | 63% | 109 | 37% | ||
Food/drink before bed | No | 115 | 71% | 46 | 29% | 0.121 |
Yes | 223 | 64% | 123 | 36% | ||
ln (Daily sugar intake) | 302 | 4.0 (1.0) | 162 | 4.3 (1.2) | 0.006 | |
ln (Daily sugar from food) | 302 | 2.9 (1.1) | 162 | 3.2 (1.2) | 0.018 | |
ln (Daily sugar from beverages) | 302 | 3.4 (1.2) | 162 | 3.8 (1.3) | 0.002 |
Diet-Related Behavior | Beta (SE) | p-Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Condition of teeth and gums (Fair/Poor/Very Poor vs. Very Good/Good), AUC = 0.68 * | ||||
Intercept | 1.55 (0.45) | 0.001 | ||
Education level | increasing level | −0.25 (0.09) | 0.005 | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) |
Marital status | No vs. Yes | −0.18 (0.23) | 0.420 | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) |
Health insurance | Yes vs. No | −0.49 (0.28) | 0.082 | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) |
Dental insurance | Yes vs. No | −0.33 (0.29) | 0.254 | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) |
Food/drink before bed | Yes vs. No | 0.78 (0.24) | 0.001 | 2.2 (1.4–3.5) |
ln (Daily sugar from beverages) | −0.02 (0.09) | 0.805 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | |
Embarrassed because of mouth smell (Rarely/Never vs. Often/Sometimes), AUC = 0.63 | ||||
Intercept | 0.03 (0.53) | 0.949 | ||
Education level | increasing level | −0.21 (0.09) | 0.019 | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) |
Marital status | No vs. Yes | −0.43 (0.23) | 0.061 | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) |
Health insurance | Yes vs. No | 0.06 (0.27) | 0.835 | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) |
Dental insurance | Yes vs. No | −0.25 (0.28) | 0.381 | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) |
Food before bed | Yes vs. No | −0.50 (0.22) | 0.025 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) |
ln (Daily sugar intake) | 0.17 (0.11) | 0.129 | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | |
Sore or bleeding gums (Rarely/Never vs. Often/Sometimes), AUC = 0.62 | ||||
Intercept | −1.04 (0.45) | 0.021 | ||
Education level | increasing level | −0.08 (0.09) | 0.342 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
Marital status | No vs. Yes | −0.19 (0.22) | 0.393 | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) |
Health insurance | Yes vs. No | −0.48 (0.28) | 0.087 | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) |
Dental insurance | Yes vs. No | 0.33 (0.29) | 0.255 | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) |
Food/drink before bed | Yes vs. No | 0.58 (0.25) | 0.019 | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) |
ln (Daily sugar from beverages) | 0.13 (0.09) | 0.142 | 1.1 (1.0–1.4) | |
Prescription medication for oral or dental problems (Yes vs. No), AUC = 0.63 | ||||
Intercept | −4.08 (0.83) | <0.001 | ||
Education level | increasing level | −0.04 (0.12) | 0.711 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
Marital status | No vs. Yes | 0.00 (0.31) | 0.997 | 1.0 (0.5–1.8) |
Health insurance | Yes vs. No | 0.40 (0.38) | 0.284 | 1.5 (0.7–3.1) |
Dental insurance | Yes vs. No | 0.16 (0.38) | 0.663 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) |
Drink before bed | Yes vs. No | 0.32 (0.32) | 0.328 | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) |
ln (Daily sugar intake) | 0.43 (0.16) | 0.008 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | |
Dental pain (Yes vs. No), AUC = 0.63 | ||||
Intercept | −1.18 (0.45) | 0.009 | ||
Education level | increasing level | −0.20 (0.09) | 0.023 | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) |
Marital status | No vs. Yes | −0.33 (0.22) | 0.138 | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) |
Health insurance | Yes vs. No | 0.04 (0.28) | 0.875 | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) |
Dental insurance | Yes vs. No | 0.37 (0.28) | 0.195 | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) |
Drink before bed | Yes vs. No | 0.23 (0.22) | 0.298 | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) |
ln (Daily sugar from beverages) | 0.28 (0.09) | 0.003 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) |
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Vega-López, S.; Armenta, K.; Eckert, G.; Maupomé, G. Cross-Sectional Association between Behaviors Related to Sugar-Containing Foods and Dental Outcomes among Hispanic Immigrants. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145095
Vega-López S, Armenta K, Eckert G, Maupomé G. Cross-Sectional Association between Behaviors Related to Sugar-Containing Foods and Dental Outcomes among Hispanic Immigrants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145095
Chicago/Turabian StyleVega-López, Sonia, Karla Armenta, George Eckert, and Gerardo Maupomé. 2020. "Cross-Sectional Association between Behaviors Related to Sugar-Containing Foods and Dental Outcomes among Hispanic Immigrants" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145095
APA StyleVega-López, S., Armenta, K., Eckert, G., & Maupomé, G. (2020). Cross-Sectional Association between Behaviors Related to Sugar-Containing Foods and Dental Outcomes among Hispanic Immigrants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145095