Effects of Leisure Participation on Life Satisfaction in Older Korean Adults: A Panel Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Explanation of the Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Correlation Matrix
3.3. Results of the Multiple Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- OECD Health Statistics. 2019. Available online: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT# (accessed on 14 August 2019).
- Statistics Korea. Annual Report on the Cause of Death Statistics 2018; Statistics Korea (KOSTAT): Daejeon, Korea, 2019.
- Kim, M. Research on Happiness Index Development; Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs: Sejong City, Korea, 2018.
- Statistics Canada. 2017; General Social Survey: Canadians at Work and Home (GSS). Available online: https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=5221 (accessed on 14 May 2020).
- Diener, E. Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Soc. Indic. Res. 1994, 31, 103–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gigantesco, A.; Fagnani, C.; Toccaceli, V.; Stazi, M.A.; Lucidi, F.; Violani, C.; Picardi, A. The relationship between satisfaction with life and depression symptoms by gender. Front. Psychiatry 2019, 10, 419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Meltzer, H.; Bebbington, P.; Dennis, M.S.; Jenkins, R.; McManus, S.; Brugha, T.S. Feelings of loneliness among adults with mental disorder. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2013, 48, 5–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Domènech-Abella, J.; Lara, E.; Rubio-Valera, M.; Olaya, B.; Moneta, M.V.; Rico-Uribe, L.A.; Ayuso-Mateos, J.L.; Mundó, J.; Haro, J.M. Loneliness and depression in the elderly: The role of social network. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2017, 52, 381–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dolan, P.; Peasgood, T.; White, M. Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. J. Econ. Psychol. 2008, 29, 94–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wunder, C.; Wiencierz, A.; Schwarze, J.; Küchenhoff, H. Well-being over the life span: Semiparametric evidence from British and German longitudinal data. Rev. Econ. Stat. 2013, 95, 154–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.; Irwin, L.; Kim, M.; Chin, S.; Kim, J. The role of leisure engagement for health benefits among Korean older women. Health Care Women Int. 2015, 36, 1357–1374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryu, J.; Heo, J. Relationships between leisure activity types and well-being in older adults. Leis. Stud. 2018, 37, 331–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoon, H. Exploratory study on the perception of leisure and aging well in older Korean adults. Korean J. Travel Leis. Res. 2016, 28, 201–221. [Google Scholar]
- Ministry of Health and Welfare. Korean Elderly Life Conditions and Welfare 2017; Ministry of Health and Welfare: Sejong, Korea, 2018.
- Yoon, H. A systematic review of the research on older adults’ leisure and suggestions for future research. Korean J. Travel Leis. Res. 2015, 27, 169–186. [Google Scholar]
- Ku, P.W.; Fox, K.R.; Chen, L.J. Leisure-time physical activity, sedentary behaviors and subjective well-being in older adults: An eight-year longitudinal research. Soc. Indic. Res. 2016, 127, 1349–1361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCabe, S.; Joldersma, T.; Li, C. Understanding the benefits of social tourism: Linking participation to subjective well-being and quality of life. Int. J. Tour. Res. 2010, 12, 761–773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holder, M.D.; Coleman, B.; Sehn, Z.L. The contribution of active and passive leisure to children’s well-being. J. Health Psychol. 2009, 14, 378–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gill, S.J.; Friedenreich, C.M.; Sajobi, T.T.; Longman, R.S.; Drogos, L.L.; Davenport, M.H.; Tyndall, A.V.; Eskes, G.A.; Hogan, D.B.; Hill, M.D.; et al. Association between lifetime physical activity and cognitive functioning in middle-aged and older community dwelling adults: Results from the brain in motion study. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2015, 21, 816–830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lee, Y.; Chi, I.; Palinkas, L.A. Retirement, leisure activity engagement, and cognition among older adults in the United States. J. Aging Health 2019, 31, 1212–1234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sala, G.; Jopp, D.; Gobet, F.; Ogawa, M.; Ishioka, Y.; Masui, Y.; Inagaki, H.; Nakagawa, T.; Yasumoto, S.; Ishizaki, T.; et al. The impact of leisure activities on older adults’ cognitive function, physical function, and mental health. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0225006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Balboa-Castillo, T.; Guallar-Castillón, P.; León-Muñoz, L.M.; Graciani, A.; López-García, E.; Rodríguez-Artalejo, F. Physical activity and mortality related to obesity and functional status in older adults in Spain. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2011, 40, 39–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barengo, N.C.; Antikainen, R.; Borodulin, K.; Harald, K.; Jousilahti, P. Leisure-time physical activity reduces total and cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular disease incidence in older adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2017, 65, 504–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ward, A. Segmenting the senior tourism market in Ireland based on travel motivations. J. Vacat. Mark. 2014, 20, 267–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greene, W. Econometric Analysis, 5th ed.; Pearson Education: Cranbury, NJ, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Wooldridge, J. Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach, 4th ed.; South Western College Publications: Mason, OH, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Baltagi, B. Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 4th ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Gujarati, D.; Porter, D. Basic Econometrics; McGraw-Hill International Edition: New York, NY, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Moberg, D.O. Disabilities, spirituality, and well-being in late life: Research foundations for study and practice. J. Relig. Spiritual. Aging 2008, 20, 313–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoon, D.P.; Lee, E.O. The impact of religiousness, spirituality, and social support on psychological well-being among older adults in rural areas. J. Gerontol. Soc. Work 2007, 48, 281–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roh, S. The Impact of Religion, Spirituality, and Social Support on Depression and Life Satisfaction among Korean Immigrant Older Adults. Doctoral Dissertation, New York University, New York, NY, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Lennartsson, C.; Silverstein, M. Does engagement with life enhance survival of elderly people in Sweden? The role of social and leisure activities. J. Gerontol. Ser. B 2001, 56, S335–S342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rowe, J.W.; Kahn, R.L. Successful aging. Gerontol. 1997, 37, 433–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Glass, T.A.; De Leon, C.F.M.; Bassuk, S.S.; Berkman, L.F. Social engagement and depressive symptoms in late life: Longitudinal findings. J. Aging Health 2006, 18, 604–628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jenkinson, C.E.; Dickens, A.P.; Jones, K.; Thompson-Coon, J.; Taylor, R.S.; Rogers, M.; Richards, S.H. Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers. BMC Public Health 2013, 13, 773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Boksberger, P.; Laesser, C. Segmentation of the senior travel market by the means of travel motivations. J. Vacat. Mark. 2009, 15, 311–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S.H.; Tideswell, C. Understanding attitudes towards leisure travel and the constraints faced by senior Koreans. J. Vacat. Mark. 2005, 11, 249–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sangpikul, A. Travel motivations of Japanese senior travellers to Thailand. Int. J. Tour. Res. 2008, 10, 81–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shoemaker, S. Segmentation of the senior pleasure travel market. J. Travel Res. 1989, 27, 14–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zimmer, Z.; Brayley, R.E.; Searle, M. Whether to go and where to go: Identification of Important Influences on seniors’ decisions to travel. J. Travel Res. 1995, 33, 3–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frey, B.S.; Benesch, C.; Stutzer, A. Does watching TV make us happy? J. Econ. Psychol. 2007, 28, 283–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fung, I.Y.; Meyn, S.K.; Tegen, I.; Doney, S.C.; John, J.G.; Bishop, J.K.B. Iron supply and demand in the upper ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2000, 14, 281–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Inoue, M.; Nagata, C.; Tsuji, I.; Sugawara, Y.; Wakai, K. Impact of alcohol intake on total mortality and mortality from major causes in Japan: A pooled analysis of six large-scale cohort studies. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 2012, 66, 448–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Matthews, C.E.; Moore, S.C.; George, S.M.; Sampson, J.; Bowles, H. Improving self-reports of active and sedentary behaviors in large epidemiologic studies. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2012, 40, 118–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables | Mean | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|
Life Satisfaction | 62.628 | 16.070 |
REL | 0.163 | 0.369 |
SOC | 0.626 | 0.484 |
VOL | 0.006 | 0.079 |
TRA | 1.339 | 2.731 |
CUL | 0.754 | 2.200 |
AGE | 1947.909 | 10.335 |
SEX | 0.574 | 0.494 |
REC (Unit: ten thousand KRW) | 5.065 | 9.287 |
EOT (Unit: ten thousand KRW) | 9.935 | 10.527 |
AST (Unit: ten thousand KRW) | 21,227.480 | 31,863.760 |
Variables | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. LS | 0.032 | 0.240 | 0.030 | 0.202 | 0.253 | 0.155 | 0.177 | 0.240 | −0.058 | 0.171 |
2. REL | 1 | −0.120 | 0.061 | 0.045 | 0.025 | 0.014 | 0.067 | 0.006 | 0.118 | −0.017 |
3. SOC | 1 | 0.009 | 0.183 | 0.220 | 0.145 | 0.129 | 0.264 | −0.078 | 0.111 | |
4. VOL | 1 | 0.110 | 0.054 | 0.029 | 0.068 | 0.036 | 0.031 | 0.012 | ||
5. REC | 1 | 0.476 | 0.258 | 0.344 | 0.259 | −0.027 | 0.284 | |||
6. EOT | 1 | 0.233 | 0.307 | 0.409 | −0.058 | 0.256 | ||||
7. TRA | 1 | 0.263 | 0.186 | −0.024 | 0.100 | |||||
8. CUL | 1 | 0.265 | 0.029 | 0.158 | ||||||
9. AGE | 1 | −0.037 | 0.068 | |||||||
10. SEX | 1 | −0.163 | ||||||||
11. AST | 1 |
Variables | Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) β (t-Value) | Fixed Effects β (t-Value) | Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) β (Wald) |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −326.132 (14.62) ** | −326.131 (−13.95) | −326.132 (14.62) ** |
REL | 1.675 (6.07) ** | 1.675 (5.84) ** | 1.675 (6.07) ** |
SOC | 4.567 (20.10) ** | 4.567 (19.51) ** | 4.567 (20.10) ** |
VOL | 2.342 (2.13) * | 2.342 (2.78) ** | 2.342 (2.13) * |
REC | 0.054 (4.29) ** | 0.054 (4.99) ** | 0.054 (4.29) ** |
EOT | 0.128 (10.71) ** | 0.128 (10.58) ** | 0.128 (10.71) ** |
TRA | 0.311 (8.15) ** | 0.312 (7.78) ** | 0.312 (8.16) ** |
CUL | 0.413 (8.79) ** | 0.413 (11.57) ** | 0.413 (8.79) ** |
AGE | 0.196 (17.10) ** | 0.196 (16.31) ** | 0.196 (17.10) ** |
SEX | −0.397 (−1.77) | −0.397 (−1.72) | −0.397 (−1.77) |
AST | 0.001 (11.92) ** | 0.001 (10.74) ** | 0.001 (11.92) ** |
F-value | 290.43 ** | 231.77 ** | |
Wald χ2 | - | - | 2905.95 ** |
R-square | 0.1279 | 0.1279 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Yoon, H.; Lee, W.S.; Kim, K.-B.; Moon, J. Effects of Leisure Participation on Life Satisfaction in Older Korean Adults: A Panel Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124402
Yoon H, Lee WS, Kim K-B, Moon J. Effects of Leisure Participation on Life Satisfaction in Older Korean Adults: A Panel Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124402
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoon, Hyejin, Won Seok Lee, Kyoung-Bae Kim, and Joonho Moon. 2020. "Effects of Leisure Participation on Life Satisfaction in Older Korean Adults: A Panel Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124402