Modulation of Endothelial Glycocalyx and Microcirculation in Healthy Young Men during High-Intensity Sprint Interval Cycling-Exercise by Supplementation with Pomegranate Extract. A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design and Supplementation
2.2. Participants
2.3. Familiarization
2.4. Phenolic Compound Evaluation
2.5. Evaluating Microcirculation
2.6. Evaluating the Glycocalyx: Measuring the Perfused Boundary Region
2.7. Evaluating the Glycocalyx: Serum Measurements of a Glycocalyx Damage Marker
2.8. Lactate and Glucose Concentration
2.9. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. The Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Glycocalyx Characteristics and Microcirculation
3.3. Blood Sample Analysis
3.4. Cycling Power and Systemic Hemodynamic Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Pomegranate Group | Control Group | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | 24 (22–25) | 23 (22–28) | 0.893 |
Mass (kg) | 78.0 (68.2–84.6) | 70.2 (65.0–81.1) | 0.426 |
Height (cm) | 180.0 (178.0–184.5) | 180.0 (177.0–183.5) | 0.929 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.3 (20.7–27.3) | 21.9 (19.8–25.3) | 0.566 |
Fat (%) | 11.9 (10.1–18.8) | 11.2 (9.3–17.5) | 0.700 |
VO2max (mL∙kg−1∙min−1) | 45.9 (41.0–46.5) | 42.2 (39.4–44.9) | 0.172 |
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 94 (93–101) | 97 (94–100) | 0.756 |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 76 (70–81) | 79 (66–86) | 0.690 |
Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | 3.6 (3.1–4.4) | 3.8 (2.9–4.4) | 0.690 |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.3–1.6) | 1.1 (1.0–1.9) | 0.478 |
Syndecan-1 (ng/mL) | 8.7 (2.7–34.7) | 7.7 (1.7–16.8) | 0.685 |
PBR (µm) | 1.87 (1.63–2.05) | 1.94 (1.66–2.00) | 0.635 |
TVDs (mm/mm2) | 19.0 (17.0–23.4) | 19.7 (16.3–27.3) | 0.222 |
PVDs (1/mm) | 9.7 (8.8–13.6) | 11.1 (9.7–15.7) | 0.080 |
PPVs (%) | 95.7 (93.0–99.3) | 98.6 (95.3–98.8) | 0.386 |
MFIs | 3.00 (3.00–3.00) | 3.00 (3.00–3.00) | 0.955 |
Baseline | After 2 Weeks | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | p | ||
Syndecan-1 (ng/mL) | PG | 8.7(2.7–34.7) | 7.1(4.0–31.9) | 8.7(4.9–36.7) | 9.3(4.7–37.5) | 0.672 |
Con | 7.7(1.7–16.8) | 7.4(1.7–17.2) | 6.0(2.5–19.3) | 5.8(4.7–16.5) | 0.798 | |
PBR (µm) | PG | 1.87(1.63–2.05) | 1.90(1.72–1.95) | 1.97(1.81–2.10) | 1.73(1.52–1.89) | 0.563 |
Con | 1.94(1.66–2.00) | 1.87(1.73–1.95) | 1.82(1.63–1.98) | 1.81(1.68–1.95) | 0.496 |
Baseline | After 2 Weeks | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | p | ||
TVDs (mm/mm2) | PG | 19.0(17.0–23.4) | 21.2(16.8–25.8) | 21.4(16.9–22.8) | 19.2(15.1–22.7) | 0.932 |
Con | 19.7(16.3–27.3) | 21.2(19.2–23.0) | 21.5(20.2–27.1) | 20.5(18.4–25.4) | 0.978 | |
PVDs (1/mm) | PG | 9.7(8.8–13.6) | 11.0(9.4–14.5) | 11.9(9.3–12.4) | 10.8(8.6–12.2) | 0.508 |
Con | 11.1(9.7–15.7) | 11.4(10.7–13.5) | 12.0(10.4–15.9) | 12.1(11.1–15.0) | 0.996 | |
PPVs (%) | PG | 95.7(93.0–99.3) | 96.1(93.8–98.8) | 95.6(93.8–97.3) | 95.6(95.0–100.0) | 0.745 |
Con | 98.6(95.3–98.8) | 96.4(91.4–98.9) | 95.9(93.15–98.4) | 95.8(91.7–98.3) | 0.472 | |
MFIs | PG | 3.00(3.00–3.00) | 3.00(2.84–3.00) | 3.00(3.00–3.00) | 3.00(3.00–3.00) | 0.437 |
Con | 3.00(3.00–3.00) | 3.00(2.81–3.00) | 3.00(2.75–3.00) | 3.00(2.81–3.00) | 0.395 |
Baseline | After 2 Weeks | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | p | ||
MAP (mmHg) | PG | 94(93–101) | 107(96–116) a | 98(92–101) | 104(94–107) | 0.026 |
Con | 97(94–100) | 103(99–115) a | 97(90–100) | 100(95–107) | 0.030 | |
HR (beats/min) | PG | 76(70–81) | 106(96–116) a | 75(62–89) | 104(91–116) a | <0.001 |
Con | 79(66–86) | 106(92–115) a | 77(63–84) | 104(92–116) a | <0.001 | |
CI (L/min/m2) | PG | 3.6(3.1–4.4) | 4.4(3.5–4.9) a | 3.7(3.5–4.0) | 4.5(3.7–4.7) a | 0.045 |
Con | 3.8(2.9–4.4) | 4.2(3.4–5.1) a | 3.3(3.2–3.7) | 3.9(3.5–4.9) a | 0.037 |
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Pranskuniene, Z.; Belousoviene, E.; Baranauskiene, N.; Eimantas, N.; Vaitkaitiene, E.; Bernatoniene, J.; Brazaitis, M.; Pranskunas, A. Modulation of Endothelial Glycocalyx and Microcirculation in Healthy Young Men during High-Intensity Sprint Interval Cycling-Exercise by Supplementation with Pomegranate Extract. A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124405
Pranskuniene Z, Belousoviene E, Baranauskiene N, Eimantas N, Vaitkaitiene E, Bernatoniene J, Brazaitis M, Pranskunas A. Modulation of Endothelial Glycocalyx and Microcirculation in Healthy Young Men during High-Intensity Sprint Interval Cycling-Exercise by Supplementation with Pomegranate Extract. A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124405
Chicago/Turabian StylePranskuniene, Zivile, Egle Belousoviene, Neringa Baranauskiene, Nerijus Eimantas, Egle Vaitkaitiene, Jurga Bernatoniene, Marius Brazaitis, and Andrius Pranskunas. 2020. "Modulation of Endothelial Glycocalyx and Microcirculation in Healthy Young Men during High-Intensity Sprint Interval Cycling-Exercise by Supplementation with Pomegranate Extract. A Randomized Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124405