Psychosocial Variables Related to Weight-Related Self-Stigma in Physical Activity among Young Adults across Weight Status
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Physical Activity
2.2.2. TPB Factors
2.2.3. Weight-Related Self-Stigma
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Fit Index | Model 1a | Model 2b |
---|---|---|
χ2 (df) | 2.678 (4) | 25.233 (12) * |
Comparative fit index | 1.000 | 0.970 |
Tucker–Lewis index | 1.022 | 0.925 |
RMSEA | 0.000 | 0.082 |
90% CI of RMSEA | 0.000; 0.099 | 0.036; 0.127 |
SRMR | 0.015 | 0.047 |
Akaike Information Criterion | 16680.369 | 16686.924 |
References
- Ng, M.; Fleming, T.; Robinson, M.; Thomson, B.; Graetz, N.; Margono, C.; Mullany, E.C.; Biryukov, S.; Abbafati, C.; Abera, S.F.; et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2014, 384, 766–781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health Report of Population Health Survey 2014/2015. Available online: https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/dh_hps_2014_15_full_report_eng.pdf (accessed on 7 December 2018).
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health; Department of Community Medicine, University of Hong Kong Population Health Survey 2003/2004. Available online: https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/report_on_population_health_survey_2003_2004_en.pdf (accessed on 14 December 2019).
- Reilly, J.J.; Methven, E.; McDowell, Z.C.; Hacking, B.; Alexander, D.; Stewart, L.; Kelnar, C.J.H. Health consequences of obesity. Arch. Dis. Child. 2003, 88, 748–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wong, P.C.; Hsieh, Y.-P.; Ng, H.H.; Kong, S.F.; Chan, K.L.; Au, T.Y.A.; Lin, C.-Y.; Fung, X.C.C. Investigating the self-stigma and quality of life for overweight/obese children in Hong Kong: A preliminary study. Child Indic. Res. 2019, 12, 1065–1082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight (accessed on 8 December 2018).
- Bryant, E.J.; Caudwell, P.; Hopkins, M.E.; King, N.A.; Blundell, J.E. Psycho-markers of weight loss. The roles of TFEQ Disinhibition and Restraint in exercise-induced weight management. Appetite 2012, 58, 234–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health 18–64 Years Old. Available online: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/physical-activity-recommendations-18-64years.pdf (accessed on 5 April 2019).
- Lin, Y.-C.; Fung, X.C.C.; Tsai, M.-C.; Strong, C.; Hsieh, Y.-P.; Lin, C.-Y. Insufficient physical activity and overweight: Does caregiver screen-viewing matter? J. Child Fam. Stud. 2019, 28, 286–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guthold, R.; Stevens, G.A.; Riley, L.M.; Bull, F.C. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. Lancet Glob. Health 2018, 6, e1077–e1086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies at CUHK Survey Findings on Attitudes Towards Physical Exercises in Hong Kong. Available online: http://www.cpr.cuhk.edu.hk/en/press_detail.php?id=2166&t=survey-findings-on-attitudes-towards-physical-exercises-in-hong-kong-released-by-hong-kong-institute-of-asia-pacific-studies-at-cuhk (accessed on 8 December 2018).
- Ajzen, I. The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 1991, 50, 179–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beville, J.M.; Umstattd Meyer, M.R.; Usdan, S.L.; Turner, L.W.; Jackson, J.C.; Lian, B.E. Gender differences in college leisure time physical activity: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior and integrated behavioral model. J. Am. Coll. Health 2014, 62, 173–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guillaumie, L.; Godin, G.; Vezina-Im, L.-A. Psychosocial determinants of fruit and vegetable intake in adult population: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2010, 7, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, C.-Y.; Oveisi, S.; Burri, A.; Pakpour, A.H. Theory of Planned Behavior including self-stigma and perceived barriers explain help-seeking behavior for sexual problems in Iranian women suffering from epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2017, 68, 123–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, C.-Y.; Updegraff, J.A.; Pakpour, A.H. The relationship between the Theory of Planned Behavior and medication adherence in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2016, 61, 231–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Plotnikoff, R.C.; Lubans, D.R.; Costigan, S.A.; Trinh, L.; Spence, J.C.; Downs, S.; McCargar, L. A test of the Theory of Planned Behavior to explain physical activity in a large population sample of adolescents from Alberta, Canada. J. Adolesc. Health 2011, 49, 547–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gardner, R.E.; Hausenblas, H.A. Understanding exercise and diet motivation in overweight women enrolled in a weight-loss program: A prospective study using the Theory of Planned Behavior. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2004, 34, 1353–1370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, E.J.; Eves, F.F.; Hoppé, R.; French, D.P. Dancing to a different tune: The predictive utility of the theory of planned behaviour when the behaviour is constrained. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2010, 11, 250–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hassan, L.M.; Shiu, E.; Parry, S. Addressing the cross-country applicability of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB): A structured review of multi-country TPB studies. J. Consum. Behav. 2016, 15, 72–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, H.; Ebesu Hubbard, A.S.; O’Riordan, C.K.; Kim, M.-S. Incorporating culture into the theory of planned behavior: Predicting smoking cessation intentions among college students. Asian J. Commun. 2006, 16, 315–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lipowska, M.; Truong Thi Khanh, H.; Lipowski, M.; Różycka-Tran, J.; Bidzan, M.; Ha, T. The Body as an Object of Stigmatization in Cultures of Guilt and Shame: A Polish–Vietnamese Comparison. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2019, 16, 2814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trinh, L.; Khanh, H. Happy people: Who are they? A pilot indigenous study on conceptualization of happiness in Vietnam. Health Psychol. Rep. 2019, 7, 296–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Różycka-Tran, J.; Ha, T.T.K.; Cieciuch, J.; Schwartz, S.H. Universals and specifics of the structure and hierarchy of basic human values in Vietnam. Health Psychol. Rep. 2017, 3, 193–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hofstede, G. Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Read. Psychol. Cult. 2011, 2, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dodgson, J.E.; Henly, S.J.; Duckett, L.; Tarrant, M. Theory of Planned Behavior-Based Models for Breastfeeding Duration Among Hong Kong Mothers. Nurs. Res. 2003, 52, 148–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rochelle, T.L.; Shardlow, S.M.; Ng, S.H. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Explain Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine among Hong Kong Chinese in Britain. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2015, 2015, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ajzen, I. The Theory of Planned Behaviour is alive and well, and not ready to retire: A commentary on Sniehotta, Presseau, and Araújo-Soares. Health Psychol. Rev. 2015, 9, 131–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Conner, M.; Armitage, C.J. Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review and Avenues for Further Research. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 1998, 28, 1429–1464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puhl, R.M.; Heuer, C.A. The stigma of obesity: A review and update. Obesity 2009, 17, 941–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Durso, L.E.; Latner, J.D. Understanding self-directed stigma: Development of the Weight Bias Internalization Scale. Obesity 2008, 16, S80–S86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frederick, D.A.; Saguy, A.C.; Sandhu, G.; Mann, T. Effects of competing news media frames of weight on antifat stigma, beliefs about weight and support for obesity-related public policies. Int. J. Obes. 2016, 40, 543–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Major, B.; Eliezer, D.; Rieck, H. The psychological weight of weight stigma. Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci. 2012, 3, 651–658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomiyama, A.J.; Carr, D.; Granberg, E.M.; Major, B.; Robinson, E.; Sutin, A.R.; Brewis, A. How and why weight stigma drives the obesity ‘epidemic’ and harms health. BMC Med. 2018, 16, 123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mustillo, S.A.; Hendrix, K.L.; Schafer, M.H. Trajectories of Body Mass and Self-Concept in Black and White Girls: The Lingering Effects of Stigma. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2012, 53, 2–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carr, D.; Friedman, M.A. Is Obesity Stigmatizing? Body Weight, Perceived Discrimination, and Psychological Well-Being in the United States. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2005, 46, 244–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mouchacca, J.; Abbott, G.R.; Ball, K. Associations between psychological stress, eating, physical activity, sedentary behaviours and body weight among women: A longitudinal study. BMC Public Health 2013, 13, 828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pearl, R.L.; Puhl, R.M.; Dovidio, J.F. Differential effects of weight bias experiences and internalization on exercise among women with overweight and obesity. J. Health Psychol. 2015, 20, 1626–1632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hales, D.; Evenson, K.R.; Wen, F.; Wilcox, S. Postpartum physical activity: Measuring Theory of Planned Behavior constructs. Am. J. Health Behav. 2010, 34, 387–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santina, T.; Godin, G.; Gagné, C.; Guillaumie, L. Psychosocial determinants of physical activity at school among Lebanese children: An application of the planned behavior theory. J. Phys. Educ. Sport 2017, 17, 171–181. [Google Scholar]
- Williams, S.L.; Michie, S.; Dale, J.; Stallard, N.; French, D.P. The effects of a brief intervention to promote walking on Theory of Planned Behavior constructs: A cluster randomized controlled trial in general practice. Patient Educ. Couns. 2015, 98, 651–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization The Asia–Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and its Treatment. Available online: http://www.wpro.who.int/nutrition/documents/docs/Redefiningobesity.pdf (accessed on 8 December 2018).
- Yen, J.-Y.; Lin, H.-C.; Chou, W.-P.; Liu, T.-L.; Ko, C.-H. Associations Among Resilience, Stress, Depression, and Internet Gaming Disorder in Young Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2019, 16, 3181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Booth, M. Assessment of physical activity: An international perspective. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 2000, 71, 114–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Macfarlane, D.J.; Lee, C.C.Y.; Ho, E.Y.K.; Chan, K.L.; Chan, D.T.S. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of IPAQ (short, last 7 days). J. Sci. Med. Sport 2007, 10, 45–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Latimer, A.E.; Martin Ginis, K.A. The Theory of Planned Behavior in prediction of leisure time physical activity among individuals with spinal cord injury. Rehabil. Psychol. 2005, 50, 389–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kothe, E.J.; Mullan, B.A.; Butow, P. Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption. Testing an intervention based on the theory of planned behaviour. Appetite 2012, 58, 997–1004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pakpour, A.H.; Tsai, M.-C.; Lin, Y.-C.; Strong, C.; Latner, J.D.; Fung, X.C.C.; Lin, C.-Y.; Tsang, H.W.H. Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire and Weight Bias Internalization Scale in children and adolescents. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 2019, 19, 150–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bollen, K.A. Structural Equations with Latent Variables; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1989. [Google Scholar]
- Preacher, K.J.; Coffman, D.L. Computing Power and Minimum Sample Size for RMSEA. Available online: http://quantpsy.org/rmsea/rmsea.htm (accessed on 1 June 2019).
- Rosseel, Y.; Oberski, D.; Byrnes, J.; Vanbrabant, L.; Savalei, V.; Merkle, E.; Hallquist, M.; Rhemtulla, M.; Katsikatsou, M.; Barendse, M.; et al. Package “Lavaan”. Available online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lavaan/lavaan.pdf (accessed on 8 December 2018).
- Fernández, I.; Canet, O.; Giné-Garriga, M. Assessment of physical activity levels, fitness and perceived barriers to physical activity practice in adolescents: Cross-sectional study. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2017, 176, 57–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Faith, M.S.; Leone, M.A.; Ayers, T.S.; Heo, M.; Pietrobelli, A. Weight criticism during physical activity, coping skills, and reported physical activity in children. Pediatrics 2002, 110, e23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gray, W.N.; Janicke, D.M.; Ingerski, L.M.; Silverstein, J.H. The impact of peer victimization, parent distress and child depression on barrier formation and physical activity in overweight youth. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 2008, 29, 26–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deforche, B.I.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.M.; Tanghe, A.P. Attitude toward physical activity in normal-weight, overweight and obese adolescents. J. Adolesc. Health 2006, 38, 560–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rech, C.; Camargo, E.; Almeida, M.; Bronoski, R.; Okuno, N.; Reis, R. Barriers for physical activity in overweight adults. Rev. Bras. Ativ. Física Saúde 2016, 21, 272–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Louis, W.R.; Chan, M.K.-H.; Greenbaum, S. Stress and the Theory of Planned Behavior: Understanding Healthy and Unhealthy Eating Intentions. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2009, 39, 472–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corrigan, P.W.; Larson, J.E.; Rüsch, N. Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: Impact on life goals and evidence-based practices. World Psychiatry 2009, 8, 75–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, Y.-C.; Latner, J.D.; Fung, X.C.C.; Lin, C.-Y. Poor health and experiences of being bullied in adolescents: Self-perceived overweight and frustration with appearance matter. Obesity 2018, 26, 397–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krendl, A.C.; Wolford, G. Cognitive decline and older adults’ perception of stigma controllability. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2013, 68, 333–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Emlet, C.A.; Brennan, D.J.; Brennenstuhl, S.; Rueda, S.; Hart, T.A.; Rourke, S.B. The impact of HIV-related stigma on older and younger adults living with HIV disease: Does age matter? AIDS Care 2015, 27, 520–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Participants (n = 325) | |
---|---|
Gender, n (%) | |
Male | 126 (38.8%) |
Female | 199 (61.2%) |
Age (years), M (SD) | 21.6 (2.95) |
Body Mass Index, M (SD) | 22.39 (4.03) |
Weight status, n (%) | |
Without overweight | 221 (68%) |
Overweight | 104 (32%) |
International Physical Activity Questionnaire, M (SD) | 2008.17 (2144.41) |
Weight Bias Internalization Scale, M (SD) | 28.92 (9.58) |
Theory of Planned Behavior factors, M (SD) | |
Attitude toward PA | 82.69 (13.94) |
Subjective norm toward PA | 47.28 (26.17) |
Perceived behavioral control toward PA | 59.28 (27.00) |
Behavioral intention toward PA | 62.21 (27.29) |
Variables | r | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | |
1. PA | 0.20 *** | −0.02 | 0.30 *** | 0.22 *** | −0.13 * |
2. Attitude toward PA | -- | 0.13 * | 0.50 *** | 0.46 *** | −0.08 |
3. Subjective norm toward PA | -- | 0.20 *** | 0.34 *** | 0.31 *** | |
4. PBC toward PA | -- | 0.68 *** | 0.05 | ||
5. Intention toward PA | -- | 0.15 ** | |||
6. Weight-related self–stigma | -- |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Fung, X.C.C.; Pakpour, A.H.; Wu, Y.-K.; Fan, C.-W.; Lin, C.-Y.; Tsang, H.W.H. Psychosocial Variables Related to Weight-Related Self-Stigma in Physical Activity among Young Adults across Weight Status. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010064
Fung XCC, Pakpour AH, Wu Y-K, Fan C-W, Lin C-Y, Tsang HWH. Psychosocial Variables Related to Weight-Related Self-Stigma in Physical Activity among Young Adults across Weight Status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(1):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010064
Chicago/Turabian StyleFung, Xavier C. C., Amir H. Pakpour, Ya-Ke Wu, Chia-Wei Fan, Chung-Ying Lin, and Hector W. H. Tsang. 2020. "Psychosocial Variables Related to Weight-Related Self-Stigma in Physical Activity among Young Adults across Weight Status" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1: 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010064
APA StyleFung, X. C. C., Pakpour, A. H., Wu, Y.-K., Fan, C.-W., Lin, C.-Y., & Tsang, H. W. H. (2020). Psychosocial Variables Related to Weight-Related Self-Stigma in Physical Activity among Young Adults across Weight Status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010064