Temperature and Rain Moderate the Effect of Neighborhood Walkability on Walking Time for Seniors in Barcelona
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Measures and Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Explanatory Factor | Days with Data n (%) | Walking Minutes a | IQR b | pc |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 1502 (100) | 14.8 | 41.0 | |
Sex | <0.01 | |||
Female | 833 (55.5) | 9.8 | 28.5 | |
Male | 669 (44.5) | 27.0 | 57.9 | |
Age | <0.01 | |||
65–75 y. o. | 721 (48.0) | 23.3 | 50.8 | |
≥75 y. o. | 781 (52.0) | 10.0 | 29.3 | |
Access to vehicle | <0.01 | |||
Yes | 955 (63.6) | 18.3 | 44.5 | |
No | 534 (35.6) | 11.0 | 35.8 | |
n. d. | 13 (0.8) | |||
Usual transport mode | <0.01 | |||
Walking | 962 (64.0) | 19.3 | 45.0 | |
Public transportation | 244 (16.2) | 8.8 | 37.4 | |
Private transportation | 282 (18.8) | 9.3 | 29.5 | |
n. d. | 14 (1.0) | |||
Neighborhood walkability | <0.01 | |||
Low | 555 (37.0) | 10.0 | 31.5 | |
Moderate | 469 (31.2) | 19.0 | 46.0 | |
High | 478 (31.8) | 19.6 | 49.7 | |
Season | <0.05 | |||
Winter | 458 (30.5) | 15.0 | 33.4 | |
Spring | 575 (38.3) | 13.0 | 37.3 | |
Summer | 151 (10.1) | 26.8 | 60.0 | |
Autumn | 318 (21.2) | 12.6 | 45.7 | |
Apparent temperature d | 14.8 | <0.01 | ||
Less than 10 °C | 391 (26.0) | 11.8 | 33.0 | |
From 10 °C to 25 °C | 1046 (69.6) | 15.5 | 41.5 | |
25 °C or more | 65 (4.3) | 47.8 | 78.5 | |
Rain | <0.01 | |||
No | 1061 (70.6) | 18.8 | 46.3 | |
Yes | 441 (29.4) | 9.8 | 29.1 |
Fixed Effects | B | Std. Err | t | p | CI (95%) | |
Intersection | 2.65 | 0.31 | 8.68 | <0.01 | 2.05 | 3.25 |
Sex (Female = Ref.) | 0.28 | 0.06 | 5.07 | <0.01 | 0.17 | 0.39 |
Age | −0.02 | 0.00 | −5.21 | <0.01 | −0.03 | −0.01 |
Neighborhood Walkability Index | 0.03 | 0.01 | 2.65 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
Access to vehicle (No = Ref.) | −0.11 | 0.06 | −1.68 | 0.094 | −0.24 | 0.02 |
Usual transportation mode (Not walking = Ref.) | 0.08 | 0.06 | 1.41 | 0.159 | −0.03 | 0.20 |
Temperature less than 10 °C (No = Ref.) | −0.05 | 0.04 | −1.18 | 0.237 | −0.13 | 0.03 |
Temperature 25 °C or more (No = Ref.) | 0.12 | 0.10 | 1.18 | 0.240 | −0.08 | 0.32 |
Rain (No = Ref.) | −0.12 | 0.03 | −3.80 | <0.01 | −0.18 | −0.06 |
Random Effects | B | Std. Err | Wald Z | p | CI (95%) | |
Residual | 0.16 | 0.01 | 21.62 | <0.01 | 0.15 | 0.17 |
Subjects | 0.11 | 0.01 | 7.59 | <0.01 | 0.09 | 0.15 |
Fixed Effects | B | Std. Err | t | p | CI (95%) | |
Intersection | 2.67 | 0.30 | 8.83 | <0.01 | 2.07 | 3.26 |
Sex (Female = Ref.) | 0.32 | 0.05 | 5.86 | <0.01 | 0.21 | 0.42 |
Age | −0.02 | 0.00 | −5.99 | <0.01 | −0.03 | −0.02 |
Access to vehicle (No = Ref.) | −0.05 | 0.06 | −0.88 | 0.378 | −0.17 | 0.07 |
Usual transportation mode (Not walking = Ref.) | 0.11 | 0.06 | 2.00 | <0.05 | 0.00 | 0.23 |
Low walkability × Temperature below 10 °C | −0.15 | 0.06 | −2.48 | <0.05 | −0.27 | −0.03 |
Low walkability × Temperature 25 °C or more | 0.16 | 0.14 | 1.22 | 0.224 | −0.10 | 0.43 |
Low walkability × Precipitation (Yes) | −0.06 | 0.05 | −1.26 | 0.207 | −0.16 | 0.04 |
High walkability × Temperature below 10 °C | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.987 | −0.13 | 0.13 |
High walkability × Temperature 25 °C or more | 0.15 | 0.15 | 1.00 | 0.317 | −0.14 | 0.45 |
High walkability × Precipitation (Yes) | −0.12 | 0.05 | −2.61 | <0.01 | −0.21 | −0.03 |
Random Effects | B | Std. Err | Wald Z | p | CI (95%) | |
Residual | 0.16 | 0.01 | 21.82 | <0.01 | 0.15 | 0.18 |
Subjects | 0.11 | 0.01 | 7.64 | <0.01 | 0.09 | 0.15 |
Total | Temperature | Rain | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤10 °C | >25 °C | No | Yes | ||
Low walkability | 14.87 | 9.30 | 41.08 | 15.99 | 12.69 |
High walkability | 21.34 | 21.30 | 56.19 | 24.29 | 16.87 |
Diff. (min.) | 6.47 | 12.00 | 15.11 | 8.30 | 4.18 |
Diff. (%) | 43.47 | 129.06 | 36.78 | 51.90 | 32.93 |
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Delclòs-Alió, X.; Marquet, O.; Vich, G.; Schipperijn, J.; Zhang, K.; Maciejewska, M.; Miralles-Guasch, C. Temperature and Rain Moderate the Effect of Neighborhood Walkability on Walking Time for Seniors in Barcelona. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010014
Delclòs-Alió X, Marquet O, Vich G, Schipperijn J, Zhang K, Maciejewska M, Miralles-Guasch C. Temperature and Rain Moderate the Effect of Neighborhood Walkability on Walking Time for Seniors in Barcelona. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(1):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010014
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelclòs-Alió, Xavier, Oriol Marquet, Guillem Vich, Jasper Schipperijn, Kai Zhang, Monika Maciejewska, and Carme Miralles-Guasch. 2020. "Temperature and Rain Moderate the Effect of Neighborhood Walkability on Walking Time for Seniors in Barcelona" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010014
APA StyleDelclòs-Alió, X., Marquet, O., Vich, G., Schipperijn, J., Zhang, K., Maciejewska, M., & Miralles-Guasch, C. (2020). Temperature and Rain Moderate the Effect of Neighborhood Walkability on Walking Time for Seniors in Barcelona. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010014