Effects of Oenanthe javanica on Nitrogen Removal in Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetlands under Low-Temperature Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Water and Plant Sampling and Analysis
2.3. Microorganism Sampling and Analysis
2.3.1. Preparation of Microbial Samples
2.3.2. Extraction of Total Genomic DNA
2.3.3. Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis
2.3.4. 16.S rRNA Gene Illumina MiSeq Sequencing
2.3.5. Sequence Storage Information
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nutrient Removal Performance
3.2. Plant Growth Dynamics and Physiological Root Characteristics
3.3. Microbial Population and Composition
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Target | Primer | Primer Sequence (5′-3′) | References |
---|---|---|---|
bacterial 16S rRNA gene | 690F | TGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCG | [65] |
829R | CATCGTTTACGGCGTGGAC | ||
archaeal 16S rRNA gene | ARC344F | ACGGGGYGCAGCAGGCGCGA | [66] |
ARC915R | GTGCTCCCCCGCCAATTCCT | ||
ANO 16S rRNA gene | AMX809F | GCCGTAAACGATGGGCACT | [67] |
AMX1066R | AACGTCTCACGACACGAGCTG | ||
amoA | amo1F | GGGGGTTTCTACTGGTGGT | [68] |
amo2R | CCCCTCKGSAAAGCCTTCTTC | ||
nosZ | NosZ 1527F | CGCTGTTCHTCGACAGYCA | [69] |
NosZ 1773R | ATRTCGATCARCTGBTCGTT | ||
nirS | nirS cd3AF | GTSAACGTSAAGGARACSGG | [70] |
nirS R3cd | GASTTCGGRTGSGTCTTGA | ||
nirK | nirK 583F | TCATGGTGCTGCCGCGKGACGG | [71] |
nirK 909R | GAACTTGCCGGTKGCCCAGAC |
Information | qPCR | Illumina MiSeq Sequencing |
---|---|---|
Analysis system | Illumina-Eco real-time PCR system (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) | Illumina MiSeq 2500 sequencing platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) |
Reaction mixture | 5.0 μL SYBR® Premix Ex Taq™ II (Takara, Otsu, Japan), 1.0 μL template DNA (diluted 100-fold), 0.5 μL forward and 0.5 μL reverse primers (10 μM), 3.0 μL RNase-free water | 25 μL reaction mixture (including 10 ng template, 0.5 μL forward primer, 0.5 μL reverse primer) |
PCR program | 30 s at 94 °C, 40 cycles of 5 s at 95 °C, 30 s at 55 °C (amoA) or 60 °C (other genes), and 30 s at 72 °C | 3 min at 94 °C, 30 cycles of 10 s at 94 °C, 15 s at 55 °C, and 72 °C for 30 s, and a final incubation at 72 °C for 7 min |
PCR product purification | / | Agencourt AMPure beads (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA) |
Libraries construction | / | NEBNext Ultra DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (New England Biolabs Inc., Boston, MA, USA) |
Sample | OTUs | ACE | Simpson | Shannon-Even | Coverage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ps | 446 | 629.398681 | 0.219313 | 0.382270 | 0.994148 |
Pw | 567 | 720.449124 | 0.137883 | 0.462411 | 0.994037 |
Sp | 710 | 788.302182 | 0.031945 | 0.748674 | 0.995926 |
Su | 675 | 761.131090 | 0.046425 | 0.695539 | 0.995444 |
Phylum | Genus | Read Numbers | Relative Abundances (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ps | Pw | Sp | Su | Ps | Pw | Sp | Su | ||
Bacteroidetes | Anaerorhabdus | 0 | 5 | 278 | 98 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 1.03 | 0.36 |
Bacteroidetes | Chryseobacterium | 224 | 68 | 5 | 8 | 0.83 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Bacteroidetes | Flavobacterium | 76 | 181 | 752 | 321 | 0.28 | 0.67 | 2.79 | 1.19 |
Bacteroidetes | Lutibacter | 0 | 5 | 293 | 366 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 1.09 | 1.36 |
Bacteroidetes | Sunxiuqinia | 2 | 3 | 274 | 28 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.01 | 0.10 |
Bacteroidetes | unclassified-Bacteroidetes | 13 | 31 | 1129 | 509 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 4.18 | 1.89 |
Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast | Bacillariophyta | 4 | 43 | 328 | 33 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 1.21 | 0.12 |
Firmicutes | Bacillus | 465 | 52 | 73 | 79 | 1.72 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.29 |
Firmicutes | Exiguobacterium | 2401 | 1387 | 8 | 4 | 8.89 | 5.14 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
Firmicutes | Paenibacillus | 21 | 792 | 4 | 1 | 0.08 | 2.93 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Firmicutes | Trichococcus | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Ignavibacteriae | Ignavibacterium | 2 | 1 | 261 | 302 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.97 | 1.12 |
Planctomycetes | Planctomyces | 4 | 13 | 3 | 3 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Proteobacteria | Acidovorax | 81 | 255 | 9 | 30 | 0.30 | 0.94 | 0.03 | 0.11 |
Proteobacteria | Aeromonas | 658 | 1952 | 55 | 21 | 2.44 | 7.23 | 0.20 | 0.08 |
Proteobacteria | Arcobacter | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Proteobacteria | Arenimonas | 24 | 56 | 1350 | 1353 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 5.00 | 5.01 |
Proteobacteria | Azoarcus | 27 | 7 | 311 | 339 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 1.15 | 1.26 |
Proteobacteria | Azospira | 0 | 6 | 42 | 44 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
Proteobacteria | Azospirillum | 12 | 4 | 41 | 9 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.03 |
Proteobacteria | Bradyrhizobium | 10 | 39 | 23 | 20 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
Proteobacteria | Dechloromonas | 37 | 69 | 85 | 61 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.23 |
Proteobacteria | Geobacter | 0 | 1 | 335 | 106 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.24 | 0.39 |
Proteobacteria | Halomonas | 74 | 129 | 3911 | 5044 | 0.27 | 0.48 | 14.49 | 18.68 |
Proteobacteria | Hydrogenophaga | 31 | 44 | 492 | 752 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 1.82 | 2.79 |
Proteobacteria | Hyphomicrobium | 2 | 6 | 23 | 41 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.15 |
Proteobacteria | Limnobacter | 1 | 2 | 44 | 174 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.64 |
Proteobacteria | Mesorhizobium | 4 | 11 | 41 | 20 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.07 |
Proteobacteria | Paraperlucidibaca | 0 | 1 | 252 | 19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.93 | 0.07 |
Proteobacteria | Perlucidibaca | 10 | 7 | 664 | 790 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 2.46 | 2.93 |
Proteobacteria | Porphyrobacter | 59 | 92 | 207 | 80 | 0.22 | 0.34 | 0.77 | 0.30 |
Proteobacteria | Pseudomonas | 20,068 | 17,756 | 1402 | 2603 | 74.33 | 65.76 | 5.19 | 9.64 |
Proteobacteria | Pseudoxanthomonas | 1 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Proteobacteria | Rhizobium | 163 | 272 | 50 | 48 | 0.60 | 1.01 | 0.19 | 0.18 |
Proteobacteria | Rhodobacter | 44 | 73 | 253 | 176 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.94 | 0.65 |
Proteobacteria | Rhodoferax | 39 | 78 | 2088 | 863 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 7.73 | 3.20 |
Proteobacteria | Sandaracinobacter | 0 | 0 | 84 | 307 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 1.14 |
Proteobacteria | Shewanella | 0 | 17 | 5 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
Proteobacteria | Simplicispira | 13 | 19 | 522 | 393 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 1.93 | 1.46 |
Proteobacteria | Stenotrophomonas | 0 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Proteobacteria | Sulfuritalea | 1 | 5 | 207 | 644 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.77 | 2.39 |
Proteobacteria | Thauera | 1 | 4 | 94 | 179 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.66 |
Proteobacteria | Thiobacillus | 1 | 0 | 367 | 463 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.36 | 1.71 |
Proteobacteria | unclassified-Rhodobacteraceae | 66 | 165 | 594 | 496 | 0.24 | 0.61 | 2.20 | 1.84 |
Proteobacteria | unclassified-Sphingomonadales | 27 | 43 | 202 | 352 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.75 | 1.30 |
Proteobacteria | unclassified-Xanthomonadaceae | 8 | 15 | 219 | 855 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.81 | 3.17 |
Nitrospirae | Nitrospira | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0.0000 | 0.0037 | 0.0111 | 0.0074 |
Proteobacteria | unclassified-Nitrosomonadaceae | 1 | 2 | 24 | 9 | 0.0037 | 0.0074 | 0.0889 | 0.0333 |
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Parameter | 20 December 2015 | 19 January 2016 | 29 January 2016 | 18 February 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|
NH4+–N (mg·L−1) | 8.9 ± 0.9 | 10.8 ± 0.4 | 10.8 ± 0.3 | 11.6 ± 0.5 |
NO3−–N (mg·L−1) | 10.5 ± 0.8 | 10.8 ± 0.7 | 10..8 ± 0.9 | 10.4 ± 0.4 |
NO2−–N (mg·L−1) | 0.650 ± 0.025 | 0.560 ± 0.025 | 0.380 ± 0.005 | 0.335 ± 0.005 |
TN (mg·L−1) | 24.8 ± 1.5 | 25.7 ± 3.0 | 25.3 ± 0.9 | 26.6 ± 2.0 |
COD (mg·L−1) | 14.4 ± 2.2 | 15.4 ± 2.5 | 14.6 ± 2.8 | 15.8 ± 1.8 |
DO (mg·L−1) | 9.7 ± 0.8 | 8.9 ± 0.5 | 9.3 ± 0.9 | 8.3 ± 0.6 |
pH | 7.88 ± 0.65 | 7.05 ± 0.45 | 6.45 ± 0.98 | 8.45 ± 1.24 |
Phase | System | Shoot Length (cm) | Root Length (cm) | Shoot Biomass (g·m−2) | Root Biomass (g·m−2) | N in Shoot (g·m−2) | N in Root (g·m−2) | Root Activity (μg TTC·g−1 Root·h−1) | ROL Rate (μmol O2·g−1 Root·h−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Tcw | 50.0 ± 2.5 | 15.0 ± 1.0 | 95.0 ± 6.3 | 35.0 ± 3.6 | 1.425 | 0.315 | 48.5 ± 6.4 | 0.96 ± 0.045 |
Tcp | 50.0 ± 2.5 | 15.0 ± 1.0 | 95.0 ± 6.3 | 35.0 ± 3.6 | 1.425 | 0.315 | 48.5 ± 6.4 | 0.96 ± 0.045 | |
2nd Batch | Tcw | 52.0 ± 2.7 | 16.0 ± 1.4 | 86.0 ± 5.3 | 35.8 ± 5.5 | 1.290 | 0.322 | 42.6 ± 3.7 | 0.68 ± 0.097 |
Tcp | 52.0 ± 2.8 | 16.0 ± 1.3 | 84.0 ± 6.5 | 36.4 ± 3.7 | 1.260 | 0.328 | 46.7 ± 5.2 | 0.88 ± 0.098 | |
4th Batch | Tcw | 55.0 ± 3.5 | 17.0 ± 1.5 | 87.0 ± 5.8 | 37.0 ± 4.1 | 1.305 | 0.333 | 43.2 ± 5.3 | 0.79 ± 0.054 |
Tcp | 55.0 ± 3.4 | 17.7 ± 1.2 | 87.2 ± 7.6 | 38.3 ± 3.3 | 1.305 | 0.345 | 46.4 ± 5.5 | 0.87 ± 0.093 | |
6th Batch | Tcw | 54.0 ± 2.6 | 20.5 ± 2.0 | 92.3 ± 5.7 | 40.5 ± 5.2 | 1.385 | 0.365 | 42.8 ± 4.5 | 1.02 ± 0.065 |
Tcp | 53.0 ± 1.7 | 20.0 ± 2.4 | 91.6 ± 6.5 | 40.6 ± 5.1 | 1.374 | 0.365 | 47.5 ± 6.2 | 1.03 ± 0.061 | |
8th Batch | Tcw | 56.0 ± 2.5 | 22.6 ± 2.2 | 102.3 ± 13.5 | 46.8 ± 4.3 | 1.535 | 0.421 | 58.7 ± 6.5 | 1.28 ± 0.078 |
Tcp | 55.0 ± 2.5 | 23.0 ± 2.7 | 104.5 ± 14.4 | 48.0 ± 4.8 | 1.568 | 0.432 | 63.6 ± 8.9 | 1.48 ± 0.085 |
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Song, S.; Wang, P.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, D.; Leng, X.; An, S. Effects of Oenanthe javanica on Nitrogen Removal in Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetlands under Low-Temperature Conditions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081420
Song S, Wang P, Liu Y, Zhao D, Leng X, An S. Effects of Oenanthe javanica on Nitrogen Removal in Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetlands under Low-Temperature Conditions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(8):1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081420
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Siyuan, Penghe Wang, Yongxia Liu, Dehua Zhao, Xin Leng, and Shuqing An. 2019. "Effects of Oenanthe javanica on Nitrogen Removal in Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetlands under Low-Temperature Conditions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8: 1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081420