Hierarchy of Factors Affecting the Condition and Development of Sports and Recreation Infrastructure—Impact on the Recreational Activity and Health of the Residents of a City (Poznan Case Study)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- The sports and recreation market model developed by B. Pitts, L. Fielding, and L. Miller, who selected three large segments of this market: Entities dealing with organizing sport (sports clubs, recreation centres), entities producing material sports goods and representatives of units supporting sport (e.g., trainers, medical facilities, organizing committees), and entities that deal with sport promotion (sponsors, licensees, sports media, etc.) [10].
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- A simplified model of the sports and recreation market developed by M. Shank, who assumes that the market is formed by two groups of entities: Recipients and providers, as well as sports products that are the subject of exchange [11].
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- The model of the sports and recreation market proposed by B. Mullin, S. Hardy, and W. Sutton, where the sports and recreation market is depicted by means of four categories of entities or activities related to sport: Organizers of sports events with a high level of attractiveness, attracting a large audience; producers and distributors of tangible sports goods and government non-profit organizations; entities organizing sports life at the school and company level; and finally, supporting entities, such as sports associations, sponsors, and sport activists [12].
2. Aim of Study
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Research Design and Data Collection
- those that, according to the service recipients, create barriers in the use of sports and recreation facilities in the city of Poznan;
- those which, in the opinion of service recipients, allow for the assessment of tasks contained in the “Sportowy Poznań” program;
- those that, according to service providers, allow for the assessment of tasks contained in the “Sportowy Poznań” program.
3.2. Participants
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Factors Limiting the Residents’ Possibility of Using Sports and Recreation Facilities in the City of Poznan, Based on the Opinions of Service Recipients
- Spatial (large distance of a sports and recreation facility from the place of residence, transport difficulties);
- Socio-spatial (general accessibility of the sports and recreation facility);
- Social (an object for competitive athletes only, no preferred sports and recreational activities);
- Economic (high fees in sports and recreation facilities).
4.2. The Importance of Individual Factors in the Implementation of the “Sportowy Poznań” Strategic Program, Based on the Opinions of Service Recipients
- social (preparing sports and recreation infrastructure for the residents of the city of Poznan, propagating the idea of a healthy and active lifestyle among the residents of the city of Poznan, promoting and organizing sport for children and teenagers, supporting the physical activity of residents through mass sport);
- socio-economic (professionalism of the operation of sports clubs in Poznan, creating the image of the city of Poznan through sports and recreation, Poznan as an international center of sports and recreation);
- spatial-economic (extension of sports and recreation infrastructure).
4.3. The Importance of Individual Factors in the Implementation of the “Sportowy Poznań” Strategic Program, Based on the Opinions of Service Providers
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- Environment and possibilities of being active: In Poznan, the level of satisfaction of the residents surveyed was average, expressed as , around 5 on a scale from 1 to 10.
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- The offer of local sports clubs and other service providers (swimming pools, fitness clubs, etc.): In Poznan, the level of satisfaction of the surveyed residents is above the average, expressed as , about a 7 on a scale from 1 to 10.
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- Evaluation of the local authorities’ policies aimed at improving the physical activity of residents: In Poznan, the level of satisfaction of the surveyed residents ranks above the average expressed in the value , above a 6 on a scale from 1 to 10.
5. Discussion and Final Conclusions
- those that, according to service recipients, create barriers for the use of sports and recreation facilities in the city of Poznan;
- those which, in the opinion of service recipients, allow for the assessment of tasks contained in the “Sportowy Poznań” program;
- those that, according to service providers, allow for the assessment of tasks contained in the “Sportowy Poznań” program.
- Among the accepted factors of the operation of the “Sportowy Poznań” strategic program, based on the opinions of service recipients, the economic factor has the strongest limiting effect on the use of sports and recreation services (high prices in sports and recreation facilities). Then there are spatial factors (long distance between the sports and recreation facility and the place of residence) and the lack of general accessibility of sports and recreation facilities.
- In the implementation of the “Sportowy Poznań” strategic program, the surveyed service recipients granted the greatest importance and satisfaction with the effects of the implementation to the social factor—preparation of sports and recreation infrastructure for the residents of the city of Poznan. Efforts of the city authorities to ensure the professional operation of Poznan sports clubs gained the lowest score in the opinion of the surveyed service recipients. The activity of sports clubs to a large extent creates the image of the city as a center for sports.
- The effectiveness of the city authorities’ policies in the implementation of the “Sportowy Poznań” strategic program was assessed as average by service providers. The values of the means determining the level of satisfaction of the respondents are comparable, but lower than the average values obtained in the assessment made by the service recipients. Service providers objectively assessed the functioning of the sports and recreation facility they run, without trying to artificially raise its rank. The surveyed service providers recognize the significant impact of social and spatial factors, judging them as satisfactory, as they do with all of the tasks covered in the “Sportowy Poznań” program. The lowest score was given by service providers (as well as service recipients) to the effects of activities related to the professionalism of the operation of Poznan sports clubs.
- In order to establish the hierarchy of factors analyzed in the paper and operating within the same research problem for both groups of respondents (service recipients and service providers), the Anderson–Darling test was used. The test results (Table 7) clearly indicate that:
- The social factor of the preparation of infrastructure for the residents of the city of Poznan, in the opinion of both groups of respondents (service recipients and service providers), was considered the most important, obtaining a test value of 0.886;
- A spatial-economic factor came second in the hierarchy of the Anderson–Darling test, with a test value of 0.362;
- The third in the hierarchy (with a test value similar to the previous 0.207) was a social factor propagating the idea of an active lifestyle for the residents of the city of Poznan;
- The lowest importance in the hierarchy of factors, with a test value of 0.017, was achieved by the socio-economic factor of creating the image of the city of Poznan through sports and recreation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age Characteristics of the Respondents | Tennis Courts (n = 480) | Indoor Swimming Pools (n = 360) | Fitness Clubs (n = 319) | All (N = 1159) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
<20 | 78 | 17.3 | 16 | 7.8 | 92 | 17.5 | 186 |
20–29 | 225 | 49.8 | 99 | 48.5 | 248 | 47.1 | 572 |
30–39 | 96 | 21.2 | 67 | 32.8 | 118 | 22.4 | 281 |
40–49 | 35 | 7.7 | 13 | 6.4 | 54 | 10.2 | 102 |
50+ | 18 | 4.0 | 9 | 4.4 | 15 | 2.8 | 42 |
Mean | Median | Minimum | Maximum |
27.7990 | 25.0000 | 15.0000 | 67.0000 |
Standard Deviation | Coefficient of Variation | Skewness | Kurtosis |
9.66253 | 0.347586 | 1.20478 | 1.52895 |
Mean | Median | Minimum | Maximum | |
Indoor swimming pools | 27.9624 | 25.0000 | 15.0000 | 67.0000 |
Tennis courts | 29.3676 | 27.0000 | 15.0000 | 60.0000 |
Fitness clubs | 27.7780 | 25.0000 | 16.0000 | 56.0000 |
Standard Deviation | Coefficient of Variation | Skewness | Kurtosis | |
Indoor swimming pools | 10.4107 | 0.372310 | 1.42351 | 2.25329 |
Tennis courts | 8.93860 | 0.304369 | 0.806148 | 0.216468 |
Fitness clubs | 9.08693 | 0.327127 | 0.829227 | −0.00652774 |
Specification of Factors | Arithmetic Mean | S Standard Deviation | SK Skewness Coefficient | K Kurtosis | All (N = 1159) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General accessibility—socio-spatial factor | 4.764 | 2.664 | 0.055 | 2.254 | 1159 |
Long distance—spatial factor | 4.970 | 2.692 | ‒0.092 | 2.160 | 1159 |
Transport problems/difficulties—spatial factor | 4.422 | 2.563 | 0.128 | 2.256 | 1159 |
High prices—economic factor | 5.475 | 2.736 | 321 | 2.362 | 1159 |
Object designed for competitive athletes—social factor | 4.280 | 2.585 | 0.248 | 2.487 | 1159 |
Lack of preferred activities—social factor | 4.513 | 2.565 | ‒0.010 | 2.313 | 1159 |
“Sportowy Poznań” | Arithmetic Mean | S Standard Deviation | SK Skewness Coefficient | K Kurtosis | All (N = 1159) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preparation of infrastructure for residents—social factor | 6.223 | 1.835 | 296 | 3.113 | 1159 |
Promoting the idea of an active lifestyle—social factor | 6.200 | 2.031 | 258 | 2.724 | 1159 |
Promoting sports for children and teenagers—social factor | 6.076 | 1.988 | ‒0.297 | 2.901 | 1159 |
Expansion of infrastructure—spatial and economic factor | 6.145 | 1.912 | ‒0.244 | 2.856 | 1159 |
Poznan as an international sports center—socio-economic factor | 6.101 | 1.972 | ‒0.362 | 2.878 | 1159 |
Supporting mass sport—social factor | 6.088 | 2.013 | ‒0.173 | 2.628 | 1159 |
Operation of sports clubs—socio-economic factor | 5.832 | 1.832 | ‒0.101 | 2.857 | 1159 |
Creating the city’s image through sports and recreation—socio-economic factor | 6.180 | 1.943 | ‒0.401 | 2.959 | 1159 |
“Sportowy Poznań” | Arithmetic Mean | S Standard Deviation | SK Skewness Coefficient | K Kurtosis | All (N = 1159) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preparation of infrastructure for residents—social factor | 6.053 | 2.013 | −0.46 | 3.687 | 38 |
Promoting the idea of an active lifestyle—social factor | 5.711 | 2.301 | −0.49 | 3.262 | 38 |
Promoting sports for children and teenagers —social factor | 5.474 | 1.842 | −0.85 | 4.189 | 38 |
Expansion of infrastructure—spatial and economic factor | 5.789 | 2.029 | −0.56 | 4.139 | 38 |
Poznan as an international sports center—socio-economic factor | 5.747 | 2.638 | −0.48 | 2.73 | 38 |
Supporting mass sport—social factor | 5.474 | 2.480 | −0.40 | 3.133 | 38 |
Operation of sports clubs—socio-economic factor | 5.237 | 2.399 | −0.24 | 3.314 | 38 |
Creating the city’s image through sports and recreation—socio-economic factor | 5.421 | 2.390 | −0.55 | 3.417 | 38 |
Tasks of the “Sportowy Poznań” Program | Factors | Anderson–Darling Test p-Value |
---|---|---|
Preparation of infrastructure for residents | Social factor | 0.886 |
Promoting the idea of an active lifestyle | Social factor | 0.207 |
Promoting sports for children and teenagers | Social factor | 0.046 |
Expansion of infrastructure | Spatial and economic factor | 0.362 |
Poznan as an international sports center | Socio-economic factor | 0.045 |
Supporting mass sport | Social factor | 0.069 |
Operation of sports clubs | Socio-economic factor | 0.031 |
Creating the city’s image through sports and recreation | Socio-economic factor | 0.017 |
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Kruszyńska, E.; Poczta, J. Hierarchy of Factors Affecting the Condition and Development of Sports and Recreation Infrastructure—Impact on the Recreational Activity and Health of the Residents of a City (Poznan Case Study). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040556
Kruszyńska E, Poczta J. Hierarchy of Factors Affecting the Condition and Development of Sports and Recreation Infrastructure—Impact on the Recreational Activity and Health of the Residents of a City (Poznan Case Study). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(4):556. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040556
Chicago/Turabian StyleKruszyńska, Ewa, and Joanna Poczta. 2019. "Hierarchy of Factors Affecting the Condition and Development of Sports and Recreation Infrastructure—Impact on the Recreational Activity and Health of the Residents of a City (Poznan Case Study)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4: 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040556