The National After-School Athletics Program Participation as a Tool to Reduce the Risk of Obesity in Adolescents after One Year of Intervention: A Nationwide Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Intervention
2.3. Study Groups and Design
2.3.1. Participants
- -
- Caucasian,
- -
- adolescents aged 12–13,
- -
- participating for at least 1 year in the Athletics for All program training sessions regularly (three sessions a week),
- -
- participating in any other physical activity program neither at school, nor after school,
- -
- consent agreement of adolescents for participation,
- -
- consent agreement of the parents/legal guardians for the participation of their children.
- -
- any data missing,
- -
- diagnosed disabilities in cognitive or motor functions,
- -
- pacemakers and other stimulators (forefending against bioelectrical impedance measurement),
- -
- diagnosed with epilepsy (forefending against bioelectrical impedance measurement).
- -
- Caucasian,
- -
- adolescents aged 12–13,
- -
- participating in the Athletics for All program neither currently, nor in the past,
- -
- participating in any other physical activity program neither at school, nor after school,
- -
- consent agreement of adolescents for participation,
- -
- consent agreement of the parents/legal guardians for the participation of their children.
- -
- any data missing,
- -
- diagnosed disabilities in cognitive or motor functions,
- -
- pacemakers and other stimulators (forefending against bioelectrical impedance measurement),
- -
- diagnosed with epilepsy (forefending against bioelectrical impedance measurement).
2.3.2. Assessment of the Body Mass, Height, and BMI of the Study Participants
2.3.3. Assessment of the WC and Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR) of the Study Participants
2.3.4. Assessment of the Body Composition of the Study Participants
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Anthropometric Characteristics
3.2. Assessment of Body Mass and Abdominal Fat Distribution
3.3. Body Composition
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMI | Body Mass Index |
IDF | International Diabetes Federation |
WC | Waist Circumference |
WHO | World Health Organization |
WHtR | Waist-to-Height Ratio |
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Region | Individuals Participating in a National Athletics Program | Individuals Non-Participating in a National Athletics Program | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Median (Minimum–Maximum) | Mean ± SD | Median (Minimum–Maximum) | |
Central region (n = 76) | 45.8 ± 24.2 | 44.0 * (1.0–94.0) | 59.0 ± 29.5 | 67.5 * (3.0–99.9) |
North region (n = 95) | 52.9 ± 25.8 | 53.0 (1.0–99.0) | 60.5 ± 28.0 | 63.0 * (1.0–99.0) |
North-west region (n = 66) | 48.1 ± 26.2 | 49.5 * (3.0–93.0) | 57.8 ± 28.7 | 65.0 * (1.0–99.0) |
South-west region (n = 65) | 48.7 ± 28.1 | 52.0 * (2.0–97.0) | 63.2 ± 28.6 | 62.0 * (4.0–99.0) |
South region (n = 79) | 43.7 ± 27.0 | 40.0 * (1.0–99.9) | 63.2 ± 30.5 | 70.0 * (0.1–99.0) |
East region (n = 126) | 47.7 ± 25.7 | 47.5 * (1.0–98.0) | 51.6 ± 28.8 | 49.5 * (1.0–98.0) |
The Assessed Parameters | Boys Participating in a National Athletics Program (n = 210) | Boys Non-Participating in a National Athletics Program (n = 210) | p-Value ** | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Median (Minimum–Maximum) | Mean ± SD | Median (Minimum–Maximum) | ||
Body mass (kg) | 47.18 ± 10.96 | 46.00 * (25.70–120.00) | 50.16 ± 13.84 | 48.70 * (26.50–144.00) | 0.0330 |
Body mass percentile (-) | 50.71 ± 26.89 | 51.00 * (2.00–99.90) | 57.40 ± 28.70 | 59.00 * (1.00–99.0) | 0.0084 |
Body height (cm) | 158.69 ± 10.27 | 157.50 (133.20–187.00) | 157.72 ± 9.68 | 156.65 * (137.00–180.00) | 0.3301 |
Body height percentile (-) | 57.45 ± 29.59 | 59.00 * (1.00–99.90) | 54.86 ± 29.26 | 54.00 * (1.00–99.00) | 0.4268 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 18.59 ± 2.80 | 18.10 * (14.00–34.30) | 19.80 ± 3.76 | 19.20 * (14.00–35.50) | 0.0003 |
BMI percentile (-) | 47.06 ± 25.83 | 45.50 * (2.00–99.00) | 57.13 ± 29.70 | 60.00 * (1.00–99.00) | 0.0001 |
WC (cm) | 68.85 ± 8.59 | 68.00 * (30.50–111.00) | 73.28 ± 12.03 | 72.00 * (51.00–140.00) | 0.0002 |
WHtR (-) | 0.43 ± 0.05 | 0.42 * (0.20–0.68) | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 0.45 * (0.32–0.78) | <0.0001 |
The Assessed Parameters | Girls Participating in a National Athletics Program (n = 297) | Girls Non-Participating in a National Athletics Program (n = 297) | p-Value ** | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Median (Minimum–Maximum) | Mean ± SD | Median (Minimum–Maximum) | ||
Body mass (kg) | 47.31 ± 9.66 | 47.30 * (25.50–87.90) | 48.97 ± 11.23 | 48.20 * (23.50–88.00) | 0.1146 |
Body mass percentile (-) | 51.44 ± 26.90 | 53.00 * (0.10–99.90) | 57.09 ± 29.18 | 58.00 * (0.10–99.90) | 0.0117 |
Body height (cm) | 157.99 ± 7.94 | 159.00 * (132.40–176.50) | 155.54 ± 8.23 | 155.90 (132.50–175.70) | 0.0001 |
Body height percentile (-) | 55.91 ± 28.17 | 60.00 * (0.10–99.00) | 49.29 ± 29.12 | 50.00 * (0.10–99.90) | 0.0035 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 18.62 ± 2.63 | 18.20 * (12.90–33.30) | 20.06 ± 3.64 | 19.40 * (12.80–32.50) | <0.0001 |
BMI percentile (-) | 48.60 ± 26.36 | 48.00 * (1.00–99.90) | 59.42 ± 28.80 | 63.00 * (0.10–99.90) | <0.0001 |
WC (cm) | 66.58 ± 7.06 | 66.00 * (48.00–102.00) | 70.03 ± 9.66 | 69.00 * (50.90–106.00) | <0.0001 |
WHtR (-) | 0.42 ± 0.04 | 0.42 * (0.33–0.63) | 0.45 ± 0.06 | 0.44 * (0.32–0.64) | <0.0001 |
The Assessed Parameters | Boys Participating in a National Athletics Program (n = 210) | Boys Non-Participating in a National Athletics Program (n = 210) | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | Malnutrition | 6 (2.86%) | 10 (4.76%) | <0.0001 |
Normal body mass | 188 (89.52%) | 142 (67.62%) | ||
Overweight | 12 (5.71%) | 39 (18.57%) | ||
Obesity | 4 (1.90%) | 19 (9.05%) | ||
WC | No abdominal fat distribution | 183 (87.14%) | 143 (68.10%) | <0.0001 |
Abdominal fat distribution | 27 (12.86%) | 67 (31.90%) | ||
WHtR | No central fatness | 190 (90.48%) | 156 (74.29%) | <0.0001 |
Central fatness | 20 (9.52%) | 54 (25.71%) |
The Assessed Parameters | Girls Participating in a National Athletics Program (n = 297) | Girls Non-Participating in a National Athletics Program (n = 297) | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | Malnutrition | 10 (3.37%) | 10 (3.37%) | <0.0001 |
Normal body mass | 257 (86.53%) | 207 (69.70%) | ||
Overweight | 23 (7.74%) | 47 (15.82%) | ||
Obesity | 7 (2.36%) | 33 (11.10%) | ||
WC | No abdominal fat distribution | 261 (87.88%) | 205 (69.02%) | <0.0001 |
Abdominal fat distribution | 36 (12.12%) | 92 (30.98%) | ||
WHtR | No central fatness | 286 (96.30%) | 243 (81.82%) | <0.0001 |
Central fatness | 11 (3.70%) | 54 (18.18%) |
The Assessed Parameters | Boys Participating in a National Athletics Program (n = 210) | Boys Non-Participating in a National Athletics Program (n = 210) | p-Value ** | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Median (Minimum–Maximum) | Mean ± SD | Median (Minimum–Maximum) | ||
Body cell mass (kg) | 19.50 ± 4.58 | 19.10 * (8.90–35.70) | 19.40 ± 4.91 | 18.55 * (10.90–43.50) | 0.6416 |
Body cell mass (%) | 52.05 ± 4.27 | 52.40 * (8.20–60.20) | 51.83 ± 4.01 | 51.80 * (42.80–87.70) | 0.0055 |
Body cell mass index (kg/m2) | 7.67 ± 1.08 | 7.70 (4.50–10.80) | 7.74 ± 1.36 | 7.65 * (5.40–15.50) | 0.8992 |
Fat-free mass (kg) | 37.17 ± 7.87 | 36.70 * (18.80–68.50) | 37.42 ± 8.33 | 36.15 * (21.20–79.70) | 0.9132 |
Fat-free mass (%) | 79.15 ± 6.41 | 79.90 * (55.70–91.90) | 75.64 ± 7.40 | 76.00 (55.30–99.30) | 0.0000 |
Fat mass (kg) | 10.05 ± 5.05 | 9.20 * (3.10–51.50) | 12.96 ± 7.42 | 11.75 * (0.20–64.30) | <0.0001 |
Fat mass (%) | 20.85 ± 6.41 | 20.10 * (8.10–44.30) | 24.63 ± 8.24 | 24.25 * (0.70–77.10) | <0.0001 |
Total body water (kg) | 30.62 ± 5.11 | 30.50 (14.50–49.60) | 30.62 ± 5.29 | 30.00 * (13.90–56.30) | 0.7692 |
Total body water (%) | 65.55 ± 7.45 | 66.20 * (7.90–81.00) | 62.84 ± 8.21 | 62.75 * (22.90–86.70) | 0.0001 |
Na/K ratio (-) | 1.13 ± 0.14 | 1.10 * (0.40–2.00) | 1.10 ± 0.13 | 1.10 * (0.70–1.50) | 0.0640 |
Extracellular water (kg) | 12.76 ± 2.86 | 12.30 * (7.00–20.80) | 12.60 ± 3.23 | 11.90 * (6.70–36.70) | 0.3852 |
Extracellular water (%) | 41.17 ± 3.73 | 41.40 * (10.30–50.00) | 40.39 ± 3.19 | 40.00 * (32.20–60.50) | 0.0021 |
Intracellular water (kg) | 17.86 ± 2.45 | 17.80 * (7.50–29.80) | 18.33 ± 2.69 | 18.00 * (11.60–34.00) | 0.2453 |
Intracellular water (%) | 58.68 ± 3.14 | 58.60 * (50.00–65.90) | 59.66 ± 3.07 | 60.00 * (45.80–67.80) | 0.0013 |
Muscle mass (kg) | 24.08 ± 5.62 | 23.50 * (11.20–43.50) | 23.91 ± 6.05 | 23.00 * (13.40–52.80) | 0.5597 |
Muscle mass (%) | 51.00 ± 6.19 | 51.35 * (5.90–64.90) | 48.25 ± 6.15 | 48.35 * (32.70–83.90) | <0.0001 |
The Assessed Parameters | Girls Participating in a National Athletics Program (n = 297) | Girls Non-Participating in a National Athletics Program (n = 297) | p-Value ** | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Median (Minimum–Maximum) | Mean ± SD | Median (Minimum–Maximum) | ||
Body cell mass (kg) | 18.19 ± 3.60 | 18.30 (8.10–32.90) | 17.85 ± 3.64 | 17.9 (8.90–28.10) | 0.2604 |
Body cell mass (%) | 51.88 ± 3.16 | 51.80 * (40.30–69.30) | 51.08 ± 3.52 | 51.10 * (29.00–74.00) | 0.0022 |
Body cell mass index (kg/m2) | 7.29 ± 1.18 | 7.20 * (4.30–15.60) | 7.58 ± 3.98 | 7.30 * (4.80–73.00) | 0.3080 |
Fat-free mass (kg) | 34.92 ± 5.93 | 35.10 (17.10–53.80) | 34.92 ± 6.30 | 35.00 (17.90–51.20) | 0.9936 |
Fat-free mass (%) | 74.50 ± 5.74 | 74.60 * (56.00–99.70) | 72.05 ± 6.27 | 71.70 (51.80–91.10) | <0.0001 |
Fat mass (kg) | 12.63 ± 6.07 | 11.80 * (0.20–77.00) | 14.14 ± 5.97 | 13.30 * (2.40–36.80) | 0.0007 |
Fat mass (%) | 25.60 ± 5.84 | 25.50 * (0.30–44.00) | 27.97 ± 6.70 | 28.20 * (5.19–62.00) | <0.0001 |
Total body water (kg) | 26.92 ± 3.37 | 27.10 * (13.10–37.10) | 26.92 ± 3.57 | 26.80 * (13.70–36.00) | 0.7667 |
Total body water (%) | 58.12 ± 6.66 | 57.80 * (40.50–96.90) | 56.22 ± 7.15 | 55.80 (39.50–73.60) | 0.0009 |
Na/ K ratio (-) | 1.07 ± 0.12 | 1.10 * (0.80–1.50) | 1.06 ± 0.14 | 1.10 * (0.70–1.80) | 0.2863 |
Extracellular water (kg) | 11.57 ± 1.94 | 11.70 (6.30–17.50) | 11.33 ± 1.94 | 11.30 (6.00–17.00) | 0.1355 |
Extracellular water (%) | 42.74 ± 2.46 | 43.00 * (34.40–49.70) | 42.13 ± 2.31 | 42.30 * (33.50–48.30) | 0.0003 |
Intracellular water (kg) | 15.36 ± 1.50 | 15.40 * (6.80–19.80) | 15.46 ± 1.74 | 15.50 * (7.40–20.00) | 0.4845 |
Intracellular water (%) | 57.26 ± 2.46 | 57.00 * (50.30–65.60) | 57.89 ± 2.32 | 57.80 * (51.70–66.50) | 0.0002 |
Muscle mass (kg) | 22.42 ± 4.38 | 22.50 (10.10–40.00) | 21.98 ± 4.39 | 22.00 (11.00–34.20) | 0.2316 |
Muscle mass (%) | 47.48 ± 5.45 | 47.50 * (5.40–83.80) | 45.19 ± 5.37 | 45.20 * (23.90–81.10) | <0.0001 |
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Głąbska, D.; Guzek, D.; Mellová, B.; Zadka, K.; Żywczyk, K.; Gutkowska, K. The National After-School Athletics Program Participation as a Tool to Reduce the Risk of Obesity in Adolescents after One Year of Intervention: A Nationwide Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030405
Głąbska D, Guzek D, Mellová B, Zadka K, Żywczyk K, Gutkowska K. The National After-School Athletics Program Participation as a Tool to Reduce the Risk of Obesity in Adolescents after One Year of Intervention: A Nationwide Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(3):405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030405
Chicago/Turabian StyleGłąbska, Dominika, Dominika Guzek, Blanka Mellová, Katarzyna Zadka, Katarzyna Żywczyk, and Krystyna Gutkowska. 2019. "The National After-School Athletics Program Participation as a Tool to Reduce the Risk of Obesity in Adolescents after One Year of Intervention: A Nationwide Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3: 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030405