Effect of a School-Based Anxiety Prevention Program among Primary School Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Randomization and Masking
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Procedures
2.5. Measures
2.6. Data Analysis
2.7. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Intervention Effects
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Intervention (n = 193) | Control (n = 268) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age: n (%) | |||
10 | 98 (50.8) | 135 (50.4) | 0.932 a |
11 | 95 (49.2) | 133 (49.6) | |
Gender: n (%) | |||
Male | 77 (39.9) | 126 (47.0) | 0.129 a |
Female | 116 (60.1) | 142 (53.0) | |
Ethnicity: n (%) | |||
Malay | 192 (99.5) | 268 (100.0) | 0.238 a |
Non-Malay | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
Anxiety score: Mean (SD) | 14.14 (6.194) | 15.06 (6.948) | 0.156 b |
Worry coping skills score: Mean (SD) | 5.35 (1.409) | 5.54 (1.518) | 0.174 b |
Self-esteem score: Mean (SD) | 37.43 (5.724) | 36.46 (6.127) | 0.089 b |
Outcome Variable | Intervention | Control | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline Mean (SD) | Immediately after Intervention Mean (SD) | 3 Months after Intervention Mean (SD) | Baseline Mean (SD) | Immediately after Intervention Mean (SD) | 3 Months after Intervention Mean (SD) | |
Anxiety score | 14.14 (6.194) | 14.10 (6.421) | 12.95 (7.088) | 15.06 (6.948) | 15.14 (6.325) | 13.87 (7.178) |
Worry coping skills score | 5.35 (1.409) | 5.28 (1.434) | 5.26 (1.382) | 5.54 (1.518) | 5.58 (1.487) | 5.50 (1.443) |
Self-esteem score | 37.43 (5.724) | 36.41 (6.638) | 36.71 (7.106) | 36.46 (6.127) | 36.68 (6.710) | 35.52 (6.834) |
Outcome Variable | Parameter | F | df1 | df2 | p-Value | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety score | Group | 1.213 | 1 | 1097 | 0.271 | |
Group × time | 5.856 | 4 | 1097 | 0.001 * | 0.1026 | |
Worry coping skills score | Group | 2.563 | 1 | 1098 | 0.110 | |
Group × time | 0.484 | 4 | 1098 | 0.748 | ||
Self-esteem score | Group | 0.058 | 1 | 1075 | 0.810 | |
Group × time | 1.914 | 4 | 1075 | 0.106 |
Outcome Variable | Parameter | F | df1 | df2 | p-Value | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety score | Group | 0.030 | 1 | 53 | 0.898 | |
Group × time | 6.760 | 4 | 53 | 0.001 * | 0.3999 |
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Ab Ghaffar, S.F.; Mohd Sidik, S.; Ibrahim, N.; Awang, H.; Gyanchand Rampal, L.R. Effect of a School-Based Anxiety Prevention Program among Primary School Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4913. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244913
Ab Ghaffar SF, Mohd Sidik S, Ibrahim N, Awang H, Gyanchand Rampal LR. Effect of a School-Based Anxiety Prevention Program among Primary School Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(24):4913. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244913
Chicago/Turabian StyleAb Ghaffar, Siti Fatimah, Sherina Mohd Sidik, Normala Ibrahim, Hamidin Awang, and Lekhraj Rampal Gyanchand Rampal. 2019. "Effect of a School-Based Anxiety Prevention Program among Primary School Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 4913. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244913