Estimating the Double Burden of Malnutrition among 595,975 Children in 65 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Meta-Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Outcome Variable
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Stunting
3.2. Wasting
3.3. Underweight
3.4. Overweight/Obesity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | DHS | No. of Children (N) | No. of Stunted Children | No. of Wasted Children | No. of Underweight Children | No. of Overweight/Obese Children |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angola | 2015 | 7455 | 2803 | 365 | 1416 | 246 |
Burkina Faso | 2010 | 6994 | 2448 | 1084 | 1797 | 168 |
Burundi | 2016 | 6464 | 3620 | 330 | 1894 | 90 |
Cameroon | 2011 | 5860 | 1934 | 328 | 856 | 363 |
Chad | 2014 | 10,854 | 4342 | 1411 | 3126 | 271 |
Comoros | 2012 | 2762 | 829 | 307 | 423 | 257 |
Congo-Brazzaville | 2011 | 4591 | 1148 | 271 | 533 | 152 |
Côte d’Ivoire | 2011 | 3581 | 1074 | 269 | 534 | 107 |
DRC * | 2013 | 9030 | 3883 | 713 | 2041 | 370 |
Equatorial Guinea | 2011 | 1094 | 284 | 34 | 61 | 106 |
Eritrea | 2002 | 5466 | 2077 | 689 | 2165 | No data |
Ethiopia | 2016 | 10,447 | 3970 | 1034 | 2465 | 293 |
Gabon | 2012 | 3856 | 636 | 127 | 231 | 285 |
Gambia | 2013 | 3372 | 843 | 388 | 546 | 91 |
Ghana | 2014 | 2895 | 550 | 136 | 318 | 75 |
Guinea | 2012 | 3531 | 1095 | 339 | 636 | 127 |
Kenya | 2014 | 18,986 | 4936 | 759 | 2088 | 778 |
Lesotho | 2014 | 1869 | 617 | 52 | 193 | 138 |
Liberia | 2013 | 3520 | 1126 | 211 | 528 | 102 |
Madagascar | 2008 | 5436 | 2718 | No data | No data | No data |
Malawi | 2015 | 5752 | 2128 | 155 | 673 | 259 |
Mali | 2012 | 4857 | 1846 | 617 | 1239 | 112 |
Mozambique | 2011 | 10,313 | 4435 | 608 | 1537 | 763 |
Namibia | 2013 | 2287 | 549 | 142 | 306 | 78 |
Niger | 2012 | 5481 | 2412 | 987 | 1995 | 132 |
Nigeria | 2013 | 26,190 | 9690 | 4714 | 7517 | 1048 |
Rwanda | 2014 | 3813 | 1449 | 84 | 355 | 294 |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 2008 | 1544 | 448 | 162 | 202 | 162 |
Senegal | 2016 | 5722 | 973 | 412 | 772 | 51 |
Sierra Leone | 2013 | 5094 | 1931 | 474 | 835 | 382 |
South Africa | 2016 | 1401 | 384 | 35 | 83 | 186 |
Swaziland | 2006 | 2940 | 850 | 74 | 159 | 318 |
Tanzania | 2015 | 9848 | 3388 | 443 | 1349 | 355 |
Togo | 2013 | 3282 | 903 | 213 | 525 | 62 |
Uganda | 2016 | 5148 | 1488 | 180 | 541 | 190 |
Zambia | 2013 | 12,328 | 2120 | 740 | 1825 | 703 |
Zimbabwe | 2015 | 6352 | 1702 | 203 | 356 | 534 |
Bolivia | 2008 | 8422 | 2282 | 118 | 362 | 716 |
Dominican Republic | 2013 | 3619 | 253 | 72 | 138 | 264 |
Guatemala | 2014 | 12,567 | 5906 | 88 | 1583 | 591 |
Guyana | 2009 | 1522 | 274 | 81 | 160 | 94 |
Haiti | 2016 | 6618 | 1456 | 245 | 629 | 225 |
Honduras | 2011 | 10,167 | 2338 | 41 | 712 | 519 |
Nicaragua | 2001 | 6277 | 1701 | 151 | 496 | 490 |
Peru | 2014 | 9540 | 1431 | 57 | 296 | No data |
Bangladesh | 2014 | 7318 | 2634 | 1046 | 2386 | 102 |
India | 2015 | 219,796 | 83,522 | 46,157 | 78,467 | 4616 |
Maldives | 2009 | 2513 | 477 | 266 | 435 | 148 |
Myanmar | 2015 | 4088 | 1186 | 286 | 773 | 53 |
Nepal | 2016 | 2422 | 872 | 235 | 654 | 29 |
Sri Lanka | 2016 | 7865 | 1337 | 1188 | 1612 | 157 |
Timor-Leste | 2016 | 6798 | 3127 | 1632 | 2746 | 374 |
Albania | 2008 | 1289 | 245 | 117 | 67 | 280 |
Armenia | 2015 | 1579 | 142 | 66 | 41 | 215 |
Azerbaijan | 2006 | 1979 | 495 | 135 | 152 | 255 |
Kyrgyzstan | 2012 | 4337 | 781 | 117 | 147 | 369 |
Moldova | 2005 | 1522 | 170 | 102 | 50 | 137 |
Tajikistan | 2012 | 5080 | 1321 | 503 | 615 | 300 |
Turkey | 2013 | 3668 | 440 | 26 | 143 | No data |
Jordan | 2012 | 5851 | 468 | 140 | 176 | 257 |
Morocco | 2003 | 5682 | 1352 | 636 | 614 | 548 |
Pakistan | 2012 | 3466 | 1560 | 374 | 1040 | 111 |
Yemen | 2013 | 13,823 | 6359 | 2253 | 5391 | 276 |
Cambodia | 2014 | 4893 | 1566 | 470 | 1169 | 98 |
Samoa | 2014 | 2859 | 143 | 106 | 77 | 154 |
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Akombi, B.J.; Chitekwe, S.; Sahle, B.W.; Renzaho, A.M.N. Estimating the Double Burden of Malnutrition among 595,975 Children in 65 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Meta-Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162886
Akombi BJ, Chitekwe S, Sahle BW, Renzaho AMN. Estimating the Double Burden of Malnutrition among 595,975 Children in 65 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Meta-Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162886
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkombi, Blessing J., Stanley Chitekwe, Berhe W. Sahle, and Andre M.N. Renzaho. 2019. "Estimating the Double Burden of Malnutrition among 595,975 Children in 65 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Meta-Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162886