Metals in Occluded Water: A New Perspective for Pollution in Drinking Water Distribution Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Set Up
2.2. Experimental Operation
2.2.1. Phase I: The Change in Metal Concentration in Occluded Area
2.2.2. Phase II: The Source and Migration of Metals in the Occluded Water
2.3. Analysis Method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Study on the Change of Metal Concentration in Occluded Water
3.2. The Source and Migration of Metal in the Occluded Water
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Weight Percentage (%) | Atomic Percentage (%) | Strength |
---|---|---|---|
C | 3.58 | 14.63 | 10.20 |
Na | 0.18 | 0.37 | 0.99 |
Mg | 0.19 | 0.38 | 2.18 |
Al | 0.16 | 0.28 | 2.57 |
Si | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.83 |
Sr | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.49 |
Pb | 0.10 | 0.02 | 2.15 |
Ca | 0.15 | 0.19 | 3.64 |
Cr | 0.16 | 0.15 | 3.42 |
Mn | 0.70 | 0.54 | 4.27 |
Fe | 94.42 | 83.07 | 1017.64 |
Cu | 0.30 | 0.26 | 4.07 |
SW1 | SFW2 | SOW3 | |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 7.06 | 7.03 | 3.95 |
DO (mg L−1) | 7.50 | 7.96 | <0.50 |
Cond (us cm−1) | 544.00 | 549.70 | 4023.80 |
Cl- (mg L−1) | 62.56 | 69.31 | 594.72 |
SO42- (mg L−1) | 143.43 | 152.62 | 1481.13 |
NO3- (mg L−1) | 13.23 | 10.18 | 4.98 |
Fe (mg L−1) | 0.384 | 0.065 | 934.210 |
Mn (mg L−1) | 0.130 | 0.014 | 17.310 |
Cu (mg L−1) | 1.018 | 0.035 | 1.015 |
Cr (mg L−1) | 0.040 | 0.012 | 0.059 |
Ca (mg L−1) | 4.264 | 4.267 | 17.012 |
Mg (mg L−1) | 20.453 | 22.122 | 16.751 |
SW1: simulation water | |||
SFW2: simulation flowing water | |||
SOW3: simulation occluded water DO: dissolved oxygen |
Element | Weight Percentage (%) | Atomic Percentage (%) | Strength |
---|---|---|---|
C | 10.09 | 33.13 | 14.42 |
Na | 1.64 | 2.83 | 5.24 |
Mg | 0.46 | 0.75 | 2.97 |
Si | 3.41 | 4.79 | 38.26 |
Sr | 1.30 | 0.59 | 7.33 |
Pb | 1.66 | 0.31 | 12.27 |
Ca | 0.84 | 0.84 | 7.92 |
Cr | 0.30 | 0.21 | 2.07 |
Mn | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.85 |
Fe | 78.98 | 55.74 | 347.50 |
Cu | 1.16 | 0.71 | 3.02 |
Mg (ug g−1) | Al (ug g−1) | Mn (ug g−1) | Cu (ug g−1) | Cr (ug g−1) | Ni (ug g−1) | Fe (ug g−1) | As (ug g−1) | Zn (ug g−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | 9.521 | 38.100 | 32.054 | 8.296 | 3.696 | 2.769 | 85.401 | 12.925 | 20.028 |
After | 5.909 | 57.474 | 39.857 | 11.433 | 9.361 | 3.815 | 69.634 | 16.509 | 34.086 |
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Tong, H.; Li, Z.; Hu, X.; Xu, W.; Li, Z. Metals in Occluded Water: A New Perspective for Pollution in Drinking Water Distribution Systems. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162849
Tong H, Li Z, Hu X, Xu W, Li Z. Metals in Occluded Water: A New Perspective for Pollution in Drinking Water Distribution Systems. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162849
Chicago/Turabian StyleTong, Huiyan, Zhongyue Li, Xingshuai Hu, Weiping Xu, and Zhengkun Li. 2019. "Metals in Occluded Water: A New Perspective for Pollution in Drinking Water Distribution Systems" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162849