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Marine Drugs
Volume 23
Issue 9
10.3390/md23090336
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Democratized Discovery of Microsclerodermin F as an Immunophilin Ligand

by
Manfred Auer
1,2,*,
Malcolm D. Walkinshaw
3,
Jacqueline Dornan
3,
Nhan T. Pham
4,
Xinru Xue
5,
Miaomiao Liu
5,
Ronald J. Quinn
5,
Eric M. Ross
1,
Abimael D. Rodríguez
6 and
James J. La Clair
1,*
1
Xenobe Research Institute, P.O. Box 3052, San Diego, CA 92163-1052, USA
2
School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
3
School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
4
Institute for Regeneration and Repair, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
5
Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
6
Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce de León Avenue, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(9), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090336
Submission received: 26 July 2025 / Revised: 19 August 2025 / Accepted: 20 August 2025 / Published: 24 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Marine Natural Products to Marine Bioproducts)
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Abstract

While immunophilins are well-recognized therapeutic targets, several members of this family of peptidyl-proline isomerases (PPIases) have yet to be subjected to ligand discovery efforts. In this study, we demonstrate a cost-effective means to identify ligands to the insufficiently investigated two-domain PPIase human Cyclophilin40 (Cyp40). Central to this effort was the use of beads, wherein a confocal nanoscanning (CONA) approach was used to rapidly probe candidates. Here, we describe how one can adapt the physical nature of microsized beads as a means to strategically reduce cost and ultimately make the discovery of small molecule hit and lead compounds more accessible to everyone irrespective of financial status (democratization).
Keywords: democratization; natural products; immunophilin; affinity; drug discovery democratization; natural products; immunophilin; affinity; drug discovery
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MDPI and ACS Style

Auer, M.; Walkinshaw, M.D.; Dornan, J.; Pham, N.T.; Xue, X.; Liu, M.; Quinn, R.J.; Ross, E.M.; Rodríguez, A.D.; La Clair, J.J. Democratized Discovery of Microsclerodermin F as an Immunophilin Ligand. Mar. Drugs 2025, 23, 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090336

AMA Style

Auer M, Walkinshaw MD, Dornan J, Pham NT, Xue X, Liu M, Quinn RJ, Ross EM, Rodríguez AD, La Clair JJ. Democratized Discovery of Microsclerodermin F as an Immunophilin Ligand. Marine Drugs. 2025; 23(9):336. https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090336

Chicago/Turabian Style

Auer, Manfred, Malcolm D. Walkinshaw, Jacqueline Dornan, Nhan T. Pham, Xinru Xue, Miaomiao Liu, Ronald J. Quinn, Eric M. Ross, Abimael D. Rodríguez, and James J. La Clair. 2025. "Democratized Discovery of Microsclerodermin F as an Immunophilin Ligand" Marine Drugs 23, no. 9: 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090336

APA Style

Auer, M., Walkinshaw, M. D., Dornan, J., Pham, N. T., Xue, X., Liu, M., Quinn, R. J., Ross, E. M., Rodríguez, A. D., & La Clair, J. J. (2025). Democratized Discovery of Microsclerodermin F as an Immunophilin Ligand. Marine Drugs, 23(9), 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090336

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