Polar Lipids of Marine Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis Mitigate the LPS-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Response in Macrophages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Composition of Lipid Extracts and Fractions from Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis
2.2. Impact of Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis Extracts and Fractions on Raw 264.7 Cell Viability
2.3. Antioxidant Potential of Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis Lipid Extracts and Fractions
2.4. Effect of Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis Lipid Extracts and Fractions on LPS-Triggered Nitric Oxide Production via Macrophages
2.5. In Chemico Determination of Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis Lipid Extracts and Fractions in COX-2 Activity
2.6. Effect of Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis Lipid Extracts and Fractions on LPS-Triggered Transcription of Nos2, Ptgs2, Tnfa, and Il1b Genes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents
4.2. Microalgal Material
4.3. Lipid Extraction
4.4. Solid-Phase Extraction of the Total Extracts
4.5. Lipidomics Analysis
4.5.1. Data Acquisition
4.5.2. Data Analysis
4.6. Liposomes Preparation
4.7. Cell Culture
4.8. Evaluation of Cell Viability Using a Resazurin Assay
4.9. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
4.10. Evaluation of Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity with Blockade of LPS-Triggered NO Production
4.11. Nitric Oxide Scavenging Potential
4.12. COX-2 Inhibition in Chemico Assay
4.13. Analysis of Gene Transcription via Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qPCR)
4.14. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nannochloropsis oceanica | Chlorococcum amblystomatis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Most Abundant Lipid Classes | Most Abundant Lipid Species | Most Abundant Lipid Classes | Most Abundant Lipid Species | |
Fraction 1 | DGDG | DGDG 16:0_16:1 | DGDG | DGDG 14:0_18:1 |
SQDG | SQDG 16:0_16:1 | SQDG | SQDG 16:0_16:1 | |
Fraction 2 | MGDG | MGDG 20:5_20:5 | MGDG | MGDG 16:0_16:1 |
Fraction 3 | DGTS | DGTS 20:5_20:5 | DGTS | DGTS 20:5_20:5 |
MGTS | MGTS 20:5 | MGTS | MGTS 20:5 | |
PG | PG 16:0_20:5 | PG | PG 16:0_20:5 |
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Conde, T.; Neves, B.; Couto, D.; Melo, T.; Lopes, D.; Pais, R.; Batista, J.; Cardoso, H.; Silva, J.L.; Domingues, P.; et al. Polar Lipids of Marine Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis Mitigate the LPS-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Response in Macrophages. Mar. Drugs 2023, 21, 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21120629
Conde T, Neves B, Couto D, Melo T, Lopes D, Pais R, Batista J, Cardoso H, Silva JL, Domingues P, et al. Polar Lipids of Marine Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis Mitigate the LPS-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Response in Macrophages. Marine Drugs. 2023; 21(12):629. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21120629
Chicago/Turabian StyleConde, Tiago, Bruno Neves, Daniela Couto, Tânia Melo, Diana Lopes, Rita Pais, Joana Batista, Helena Cardoso, Joana Laranjeira Silva, Pedro Domingues, and et al. 2023. "Polar Lipids of Marine Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis Mitigate the LPS-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Response in Macrophages" Marine Drugs 21, no. 12: 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21120629