Quantification of the Role of Teupol® 25P and Graminex® G96 Compared to Hexanic Extract of Serenoa repens in Patients Affected by Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms During Treatment with Silodosin
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Treatment Allocation and Follow-Up Schedule
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Follow-Up Outcomes
3.3. Multivariable Regression Analysis of Qmax, QoL, and PSA Outcomes
3.3.1. Qmax
3.3.2. QoL Index Score
3.3.3. PSA
3.3.4. IPSS
3.4. Adverse Reactions and Adherence
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
A1B | α1-blocker |
AB | α-blocker |
BPH | benign prostatic hyperplasia |
BMI | body mass index |
CI | confidence interval |
DM | diabetes mellitus |
DHT | dihydrotestosterone |
EMA | European Medicines Agency |
HESr | hexanic extract of Serenoa repens |
HMPC | Herbal Medicinal Products Committee |
IIEF-5 | 5-item International Index of Erectile Function |
IPSS | International Prostate Symptom Score |
LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
LUTS | lower urinary tract symptoms |
MDA | malondialdehyde |
MetS | metabolic syndrome |
mpMRI | multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging |
NADPH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
NFκB | nuclear factor kappa B |
PGE2 | prostaglandin E2 |
PSA | prostate-specific antigen |
PVR | post-void residual |
QoL | quality of life |
Qmax | peak urinary flow rate |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
SD | standard deviation |
SUS | suprapubic ultrasound |
T0-T4 | timepoints 0 to 4 (baseline to 12 months) |
5ARi | 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor |
References
- Lopes, C.M.C.; Lazzarini, J.R.; Soares Júnior, J.M.; Baracat, E.C. Phytotherapy: Yesterday, today, and forever? Rev. Assoc. Medica Bras. 2018, 64, 765–768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. European Union Herbal Monograph on Serenoa Repens (W. Bartram) Small, Fructus. 280079/2013; European Medicines Agency: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2015.
- De Nunzio, C.; Salonia, A.; Gacci, M.; Ficarra, V. The Role of Combination Therapy with α-Blockers and Hexanic Extract of Serenoa repens in the Treatment of LUTS/BPH. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 7169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Novara, G.; Giannarini, G.; Alcaraz, A.; Cózar-Olmo, J.M.; Descazeaud, A.; Montorsi, F.; Ficarra, V. Efficacy and Safety of Hexanic Lipidosterolic Extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) in the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Eur. Urol. Focus 2016, 2, 553–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vela-Navarrete, R.; Alcaraz, A.; Rodríguez-Antolín, A.; Miñana López, B.; Fernández-Gómez, J.M.; Angulo, J.C.; Castro Díaz, D.; Romero-Otero, J.; Brenes, F.J.; Carballido, J.; et al. Efficacy and safety of a hexanic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon(®)) for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH): Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. BJU Int. 2018, 122, 1049–1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cornu, J.-N.; Hashim, M.G.H.; Herrmann, T.R.W.; Malde, S.; Netsch, C.; De Nunzio, C.; Rieken, M.; Sakalis, V.; Tutolo, M.; Baboudjian, M.; et al. EAU Guidelines on Non-Neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms; European Association of Urology: Arnhem, The Netherlands, 2024. [Google Scholar]
- Sandhu, J.S.; Bixler, B.R.; Dahm, P.; Goueli, R.; Kirkby, E.; Stoffel, J.T.; Wilt, T.J. Management of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Attributed to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): AUA Guideline Amendment 2023. J. Urol. 2024, 211, 11–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fourcade, R.O.; Lacoin, F.; Rouprêt, M.; Slama, A.; Le Fur, C.; Michel, E.; Sitbon, A.; Cotté, F.E. Outcomes and general health-related quality of life among patients medically treated in general daily practice for lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. World J. Urol. 2012, 30, 419–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- La Torre, A.; Giupponi, G.; Duffy, D.; Conca, A.; Cai, T.; Scardigli, A. Sexual Dysfunction Related to Drugs: A Critical Review. Part V: α-Blocker and 5-ARI Drugs. Pharmacopsychiatry 2016, 49, 3–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boeri, L.; Capogrosso, P.; Ventimiglia, E.; Cazzaniga, W.; Pederzoli, F.; Moretti, D.; Dehò, F.; Montanari, E.; Montorsi, F.; Salonia, A. Clinically Meaningful Improvements in LUTS/BPH Severity in Men Treated with Silodosin Plus Hexanic Extract of Serenoa Repens or Silodosin Alone. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 15179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gravas, S.; Samarinas, M.; Zacharouli, K.; Karatzas, A.; Tzortzis, V.; Koukoulis, G.; Melekos, M. The effect of hexanic extract of Serenoa repens on prostatic inflammation: Results from a randomized biopsy study. World J. Urol. 2019, 37, 539–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Latil, A.; Pétrissans, M.T.; Rouquet, J.; Robert, G.; de la Taille, A. Effects of hexanic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon® 160 mg) on inflammation biomarkers in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 2015, 75, 1857–1867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blair, H.A. Hexanic Extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon(®)): A Review in Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Drugs Aging 2022, 39, 235–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muraca, L.; Scuteri, A.; Burdino, E.; Marcianò, G.; Rania, V.; Catarisano, L.; Casarella, A.; Cione, E.; Palleria, C.; Colosimo, M.; et al. Effectiveness and Safety of a New Nutrient Fixed Combination Containing Pollen Extract Plus Teupolioside, in the Management of LUTS in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy: A Pilot Study. Life 2022, 12, 965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bayraktar, N.; Başeskioğlu, A.B. Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP) Versus Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) in Elderly Patients: Insights Into Recovery, Complications, and Risk Factors. Cureus 2024, 16, e76384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, A.B.; Carson, C.C. Finasteride in the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: A review. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 2009, 5, 535–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nagashima, A.; Ishii, M.; Youshinaga, M.; Higaki, E.J.J.P.T. Effect of Cernitin™ pollen-extract (Cernilton®) on the Function of Urinary Bladder in Conscious Rats. Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther. 1998, 26. [Google Scholar]
- Tacklind, J.; MacDonald, R.; Rutks, I.; Wilt, T.J. Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009, 12, Cd001423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vickman, R.E.; Franco, O.E.; Moline, D.C.; Vander Griend, D.J.; Thumbikat, P.; Hayward, S.W. The role of the androgen receptor in prostate development and benign prostatic hyperplasia: A review. Asian J. Urol. 2020, 7, 191–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Locatelli, M.; Macchione, N.; Ferrante, C.; Chiavaroli, A.; Recinella, L.; Carradori, S.; Zengin, G.; Cesa, S.; Leporini, L.; Leone, S.; et al. Graminex Pollen: Phenolic Pattern, Colorimetric Analysis and Protective Effects in Immortalized Prostate Cells (PC3) and Rat Prostate Challenged with LPS. Molecules 2018, 23, 1145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Matsukawa, Y.; Naito, Y.; Funahashi, Y.; Ishida, S.; Fujita, T.; Tochigi, K.; Kato, M.; Gotoh, M. Comparison of cernitin pollen extract vs tadalafil therapy for refractory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A randomized, prospective study. Neurourol. Urodyn. 2020, 39, 1994–2002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wagenlehner, F.M.; Bschleipfer, T.; Pilatz, A.; Weidner, W. Pollen extract for chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urol. Clin. N. Am. 2011, 38, 285–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai, T.; Verze, P.; La Rocca, R.; Palmieri, A.; Tiscione, D.; Luciani, L.G.; Mazzoli, S.; Mirone, V.; Malossini, G. The Clinical Efficacy of Pollen Extract and Vitamins on Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome Is Linked to a Decrease in the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-8. World J. Men’s Health 2017, 35, 120–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cai, T.; Verze, P.; La Rocca, R.; Anceschi, U.; De Nunzio, C.; Mirone, V. The role of flower pollen extract in managing patients affected by chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A comprehensive analysis of all published clinical trials. BMC Urol. 2017, 17, 32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lo Re, M.; Pezzoli, M.; Cadenar, A.; Fuligni, E.; Gajo, L.; Minervini, A.; Cocci, A. Discovering a new nutraceutical based on pollen extract and teupolioside: A prospective monocentric study evaluating its role in alleviating lower urinary tract symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients. Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl. Organo Uff. Soc. Ital. Ecogr. Urol. Nefrol. 2025, 97, 13412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Variable | Group A (33 Patients) | Group B (42 Patients) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years (SD) | 64.45 (5.43) | 63.94 (5.61) | 0.7 |
BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 25.94 (2.90) | 25.23 (2.37) | 0.27 |
Qmax, mL/s (SD) | 10.65 (2.29) | 10.59 (2.20) | 0.94 |
PSA, ng/mL (SD) | 2.96 (1.86) | 2.91 (1.92) | 0.89 |
PVR, mL, (SD) | 47.36 (19.39) | 44.41 (22.01) | 0.56 |
IPSS (SD) | 17.27 (3.54) | 16.94 (3.95) | 0.71 |
QOL index (SD) | 3.36 (1.08) | 3.29 (0.87) | 0.77 |
IIEF-5 (SD) | 16.97 (2.60) | 16.76 (2.24) | 0.73 |
Prostate volume, mL (SD) | 46.64 (23.89) | 44.88 (27.35) | 0.78 |
Silodosin ≥1 year, (%) | 51.52 | 45.23 | 0.63 |
Smoking Habit (%) | 27.27 | 26.19 | 0.93 |
DM (%) | 21.21 | 19.04 | 0.76 |
MetS (%) | 24.24 | 26.19 | 0.92 |
Median Lobe (%) | 24.24 | 23.8 | 0.95 |
Variable | Group A | Group B | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
T1 | |||
IPSS (SD) | 15.23 (2.62) | 15.93 (2.63) | 0.51 |
QOL (SD) | 2.83 (1.29) | 3.00 (0.82) | 0.34 |
IIEF 5 (SD) | 17.03 (2.63) | 17.33 (2.07) | 0.8 |
Qmax, mL/s (SD) | 12.04 (1.50) | 11.05 (1.94) | 0.02 |
PVR, mL (SD) | 39.94 (22.27) | 41.12 (21.05) | 0.82 |
PSA, ng/mL (SD) | 2.39 (1.07) | 2.67 (1.71) | 0.23 |
T2 | |||
IPSS (SD) | 13.94 (2.40) | 14.31 (2.24) | 0.43 |
QOL (SD) | 2.18 (0.77) | 2.71 (0.91) | 0.01 |
IIEF 5 (SD) | 17.21 (2.54) | 17.18 (2.07) | 0.83 |
Qmax, mL/s (SD) | 13.55 (2.00) | 12.24 (1.62) | 0.005 |
PVR, mL (SD) | 33.42 (16.19) | 39.26 (21.36) | 0.21 |
PSA, ng/mL (SD) | 2.01 (1.23) | 2.71 (1.82) | 0.07 |
T3 | |||
IPSS (SD) | 12.46 (2.31) | 13.31 (2.18) | 0.08 |
QOL (SD) | 1.91 (0.84) | 2.79 (0.81) | <0.001 |
IIEF 5 (SD) | 16.98 (2.63) | 17.29 (2.07) | 0.79 |
Qmax, mL/s (SD) | 13.73 (1.92) | 12.56 (1.37) | 0.006 |
PVR, mL (SD) | 28.73 (11.21) | 32.85 (15.78) | 0.22 |
PSA, ng/mL (SD) | 1.82 (1.34) | 2.75 (1.89) | 0.026 |
T4 | |||
IPSS (SD) | 12.14 (2.37) | 13.43 (2.11) | 0.04 |
QOL (SD) | 1.88 (0.72) | 2.56 (0.89) | 0.003 |
IIEF 5 (SD) | 17.13 (2.69) | 17.27 (2.11) | 0.84 |
Qmax, mL/s (SD) | 13.64 (1.93) | 12.56 (1.42) | 0.012 |
PVR, mL (SD) | 28.48 (10.97) | 32.12 (14.27) | 0.24 |
PSA, ng/mL (SD) | 1.87 (1.41) | 2.68 (1.88) | 0.03 |
Prostate Volume, mL (SD) | 44.12 (20.09) | 44.65 (26.9) | 0.92 |
Qmax T1 | Qmax T2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | β | p-Value | CI Lower | CI Upper | Predictor | β | p-Value | CI Lower | CI Upper |
XIPAG® | 1.09 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 1.49 | XIPAG® | 1.42 | <0.001 | 0.99 | 1.84 |
Silodosin ≥1 year | −0.55 | 0.014 | −0.99 | −0.124 | Silodosin ≥1 year | −0.54 | 0.02 | −0.99 | −0.093 |
Age | −0.012 | 0.53 | −0.05 | 0.026 | Age | −0.05 | 0.015 | −0.091 | −0.01 |
BMI | −0.07 | 0.1 | −0.15 | 0.012 | BMI | −0.026 | 0.55 | −0.11 | 0.06 |
Smoking habit | −0.46 | 0.19 | −1.15 | 0.22 | Smoking habit | 0.38 | 0.3 | −0.33 | 1.09 |
MetS | 0.3 | 0.35 | −0.32 | 0.93 | MetS | 0.39 | 0.25 | −0.27 | 1.04 |
DM | −0.36 | 0.28 | −1.03 | 0.29 | DM | −0.63 | 0.075 | −1.32 | 0.053 |
Qmax T0 | 0.61 | <0.001 | 0.51 | 0.7 | Qmax T0 | 0.65 | <0.001 | 0.55 | 0.76 |
Qmax T3 | Qmax T4 | ||||||||
Predictor | β | p-value | CI Lower | CI Upper | Predictor | β | p-value | CI Lower | CI Upper |
XIPAG® | 1.27 | <0.001 | 0.77 | 1.78 | XIPAG® | 1.2 | <0.001 | 0.74 | 1.66 |
Silodosin ≥1 year | −0.50 | 0.07 | −1.03 | 0.032 | Silodosin ≥1 year | −0.34 | 0.16 | −0.82 | 0.14 |
Age | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.087 | −0.003 | Age | −0.05 | 0.027 | −0.093 | −0.006 |
BMI | −0.02 | 0.62 | −0.12 | 0.076 | BMI | −0.097 | 0.043 | −0.189 | −0.005 |
Smoking habit | 0.33 | 0.44 | −0.51 | 1.17 | Smoking habit | −0.085 | 0.82 | −0.85 | 0.68 |
MetS | 0.36 | 0.36 | −0.41 | 1.13 | MetS | 0.41 | 0.25 | −0.28 | 1.12 |
DM | −0.76 | 0.07 | −1.58 | 0.05 | DM | −0.3 | 0.42 | −1.04 | 0.43 |
Qmax T0 | 0.52 | <0.001 | 0.4 | 0.65 | Qmax T0 | 0.5765 | <0.001 | 0.46 | 0.68 |
QoL Index T1 | QoL Index T2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | β | p-Value | CI Lower | CI Upper | Predictor | β | p-Value | CI Lower | CI Upper |
XIPAG® | −0.1 | 0.55 | −0.43 | 0.22 | XIPAG® | −0.54 | 0.002 | −0.87 | −0.2 |
Silodosin ≥1 year | 0.27 | 0.12 | −0.068 | 0.62 | Silodosin ≥1 year | −0.045 | 0.802 | −0.39 | 0.3 |
Age | −0.005 | 0.74 | −0.036 | 0.02 | Age | −0.015 | 0.34 | −0.04 | 0.016 |
BMI | 0.017 | 0.61 | −0.05 | 0.08 | BMI | −0.035 | 0.31 | −0.103 | 0.03 |
Smoking habit | −0.71 | 0.07 | −1.26 | 0.15 | Smoking habit | −0.13 | 0.63 | −0.7 | 0.42 |
MetS | −0.38 | 0.14 | −0.89 | 0.12 | MetS | −0.51 | 0.067 | −1.03 | 0.003 |
DM | 0.35 | 0.2 | −0.18 | 0.88 | DM | −0.03 | 0.91 | −0.57 | 0.51 |
QoL Index T0 | 0.92 | <0.001 | 0.73 | 1.11 | QoL Index T0 | 0.55 | <0.001 | 0.36 | 0.74 |
QoL index T3 | QoL index T4 | ||||||||
Predictor | β | p-value | CI Lower | CI Upper | Predictor | β | p-value | CI Lower | CI Upper |
XIPAG® | −0.9 | <0.001 | −1.25 | −0.54 | XIPAG® | −0.69 | <0.001 | −1.07 | −0.31 |
Silodosin ≥1 year | 0.11 | 0.56 | −0.26 | 0.48 | Silodosin ≥1 year | 0.091 | 0.65 | −0.30 | 0.49 |
Age | −0.016 | 0.32 | −0.049 | 0.016 | Age | 0.007 | 0.68 | −0.028 | 0.042 |
BMI | −0.052 | 0.15 | −0.12 | 0.019 | BMI | −0.046 | 0.24 | −0.12 | 0.03 |
Smoking habit | −0.36 | 0.23 | −0.95 | 0.23 | Smoking habit | −0.34 | 0.29 | −0.98 | 0.29 |
MetS | −0.35 | 0.21 | −0.89 | 0.19 | MetS | −0.46 | 0.12 | −1.04 | 0.12 |
DM | 0.14 | 0.62 | −0.43 | 0.71 | DM | 0.27 | 0.38 | −0.34 | 0.89 |
QoL Index T0 | 0.47 | <0.001 | 0.27 | 0.67 | QoL Index T0 | 0.51 | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.73 |
PSA T1 | PSA T2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | β | p-Value | CI Lower | CI Upper | Predictor | β | p-Value | CI Lower | CI Upper |
Xipag® | −0.28 | 0.02 | −0.51 | −0.04 | Xipag® | −0.84 | <0.001 | −1.01 | −0.59 |
Silodosin ≥1 year | −0.05 | 0.69 | −0.3 | 0.19 | Silodosin ≥1 year | −0.107 | 0.43 | −0.37 | 0.16 |
Age | −0.001 | 0.9 | −0.023 | 0.02 | Age | 0.0095 | 0.42 | −0.014 | 0.032 |
BMI | 0.017 | 0.47 | −0.03 | 0.06 | BMI | 0.056 | 0.033 | 0.0057 | 0.106 |
Smoking habit | 0.22 | 0.27 | −0.17 | 0.61 | Smoking habit | 0.24 | 0.26 | −0.18 | 0.66 |
MetS | 0.053 | 0.77 | −0.309 | 0.41 | MetS | 0.007 | 0.97 | −0.37 | 0.39 |
DM | −0.06 | 0.73 | −0.44 | 0.31 | DM | −0.028 | 0.89 | −0.43 | 0.378 |
PSA T0 | 0.83 | <0.001 | 0.75 | 0.91 | PSA T0 | 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.82 | 0.99 |
PSA T3 | PSA T4 | ||||||||
Predictor | β | p-value | CI Lower | CI Upper | Predictor | β | p-value | CI Lower | CI Upper |
Xipag® | −1.042 | <0.001 | −1.33 | −0.74 | Xipag® | −1.08 | <0.001 | −1.26 | −0.61 |
Silodosin ≥1 year | −0.16 | 0.31 | −0.47 | 0.15 | Silodosin ≥1 year | −0.18 | 0.39 | −0.51 | 0.23 |
Age | 0.009 | 0.5 | −0.01 | 0.03 | Age | 0.01 | 0.6 | −0.022 | 0.044 |
BMI | 0.074 | 0.023 | 0.01 | 0.13 | BMI | 0.082 | 0.034 | 0.0095 | 0.19 |
Smoking habit | 0.305 | 0.23 | −0.18 | 0.79 | Smoking habit | 0.33 | 0.31 | −0.23 | 0.61 |
MetS | 0.054 | 0.81 | −0.4 | 0.5 | MetS | 0.059 | 0.79 | −0.42 | 0.56 |
DM | 0.043 | 0.86 | −0.43 | 0.52 | DM | 0.051 | 0.88 | −0.48 | 0.64 |
PSA T0 | 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.80 | 0.99 | PSA T0 | 0.93 | <0.001 | 0.84 | 1.01 |
IPSS T1 | IPSS T2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | β | p-Value | CI Lower | CI Upper | Predictor | β | p-Value | CI Lower | CI Upper |
Xipag® | −0.3391 | 0.36 | −1.08 | 0.405 | Xipag® | −0.56 | 0.17 | −1.3 | 0.25 |
Silodosin ≥1 year | −0.796 | 0.042 | −1.56 | −0.03 | Silodosin ≥1 year | −0.40 | 0.43 | −1.42 | 0.62 |
Age | −0.0205 | 0.54 | −0.087 | 0.046 | Age | −0.023 | 0.6 | −0.11 | 0.06 |
BMI | −0.0604 | 0.42 | −0.21 | 0.09 | BMI | −0.082 | 0.42 | −0.28 | 0.12 |
Smoking habit | −1.0834 | 0.089 | −2.33 | 0.17 | Smoking habit | −0.31 | 0.71 | −1.98 | 1.36 |
MetS | 0.49 | 0.38 | −0.63 | 1.61 | MetS | 0.41 | 0.58 | −1.09 | 1.91 |
DM | 0.98 | 0.107 | −0.21 | 2.18 | DM | 0.76 | 0.34 | −0.84 | 2.36 |
IPSS T0 | 0.48 | <0.001 | 0.36 | 0.600 | IPSS T0 | 0.24 | 0.0028 | 0.08 | 0.41 |
IPSS T3 | IPSS T4 | ||||||||
Predictor | β | p-value | CI Lower | CI Upper | Predictor | β | p-value | CI Lower | CI Upper |
Xipag® | −0.22 | 0.12 | −1.28 | 0.063 | Xipag® | −0.49 | 0.04 | −1.37 | −0.07 |
Silodosin ≥1 year | −0.12 | 0.81 | −1.22 | 0.97 | Silodosin ≥1 year | −0.19 | 0.72 | −1.30 | 0.91 |
Age | −0.03 | 0.43 | −0.13 | 0.058 | Age | −0.02 | 0.54 | −0.12 | 0.067 |
BMI | −0.08 | 0.46 | −0.3 | 0.13 | BMI | −0.04 | 0.66 | −0.26 | 0.17 |
Smoking habit | 0.05 | 0.95 | −1.74 | 1.85 | Smoking habit | 0.29 | 0.74 | −1.51 | 2.1 |
MetS | 0.76 | 0.34 | −0.85 | 2.38 | MetS | 0.81 | 0.32 | −0.81 | 2.43 |
DM | −0.21 | 0.8 | −1.94 | 1.51 | DM | −0.54 | 0.57 | −2.27 | 1.19 |
IPSS T0 | 0.23 | 0.009 | 0.06 | 0.40 | IPSS T0 | 0.21 | 0.015 | 0.0434 | 0.39 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Published by MDPI on behalf of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Al Salhi, Y.; Graziani, D.; Fuschi, A.; Valenzi, F.M.; Sequi, M.B.; Suraci, P.P.; Antonioni, A.; Rera, O.A.; De Nunzio, C.; Lombardo, R.; et al. Quantification of the Role of Teupol® 25P and Graminex® G96 Compared to Hexanic Extract of Serenoa repens in Patients Affected by Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms During Treatment with Silodosin. Medicina 2025, 61, 1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071225
Al Salhi Y, Graziani D, Fuschi A, Valenzi FM, Sequi MB, Suraci PP, Antonioni A, Rera OA, De Nunzio C, Lombardo R, et al. Quantification of the Role of Teupol® 25P and Graminex® G96 Compared to Hexanic Extract of Serenoa repens in Patients Affected by Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms During Treatment with Silodosin. Medicina. 2025; 61(7):1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071225
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl Salhi, Yazan, Damiano Graziani, Andrea Fuschi, Fabio Maria Valenzi, Manfredi Bruno Sequi, Paolo Pietro Suraci, Alice Antonioni, Onofrio Antonio Rera, Cosimo De Nunzio, Riccardo Lombardo, and et al. 2025. "Quantification of the Role of Teupol® 25P and Graminex® G96 Compared to Hexanic Extract of Serenoa repens in Patients Affected by Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms During Treatment with Silodosin" Medicina 61, no. 7: 1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071225
APA StyleAl Salhi, Y., Graziani, D., Fuschi, A., Valenzi, F. M., Sequi, M. B., Suraci, P. P., Antonioni, A., Rera, O. A., De Nunzio, C., Lombardo, R., Benanti, P., Candita, G., Rosato, E., Gianfrancesco, F., Martino, G., Di Gregorio, G., Erra, L., Bozzini, G., Carbone, A., & Pastore, A. L. (2025). Quantification of the Role of Teupol® 25P and Graminex® G96 Compared to Hexanic Extract of Serenoa repens in Patients Affected by Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms During Treatment with Silodosin. Medicina, 61(7), 1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071225