The Relationship Between Metabolic Syndrome Awareness and Perception of Health in Exercise Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection Tools
2.3. Metabolic Syndrome Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MSKAS)
2.4. Perception of Health Scale (PHS)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Definition Mean ± SD | General Health Mean ± SD | Awareness Mean ± SD | Protection Mean ± SD | MSKAS Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Male (n: 328) | 16.02 ± 4.51 | 9.67 ± 2.49 | 9.99 ± 2.80 | 10.41 ± 3.29 | 46.11 ± 11.13 |
Female (n: 118) | 17.67 ± 4.53 | 10.19 ± 2.59 | 10.86 ± 2.76 | 11.58 ± 2.76 | 50.32 ± 10.68 |
t = −3.402 | t = −1.912 | t = −2.897 | t = −3.472 | t = −3.559 | |
p = 0.001 * | p = 0.057 | p = 0.004 * | p = 0.001 * | p = 0.000 * | |
Are you knowledgeable about chronic diseases? | |||||
Yes (n: 305) | 17.01 ± 4.75 | 10.05 ± 2.62 | 10.62 ± 2.83 | 11.19 ± 3.10 | 48.89 ± 11.50 |
No (n: 141) | 15.27 ± 3.90 | 9.28 ± 2.23 | 9.35 ± 2.59 | 9.70 ± 3.10 | 43.61 ± 9.45 |
t = 3.784 | t = 3.034 | t = 4.521 | t = 4.727 | t = 4.755 | |
p = 0.000 * | p = 0.003 * | p = 0.000 * | p = 0.000 * | p = 0.000 * | |
Does your family have a chronic disease? | |||||
Yes (n: 190) | 16.75 ± 4.80 | 9.90 ± 2.70 | 10.55 ± 2.87 | 11.10 ± 3.23 | 48.31 ± 11.90 |
No (n: 256) | 16.25 ± 4.38 | 9.74 ± 2.39 | 9.97 ± 2.76 | 10.44 ± 3.11 | 46.41 ± 10.52 |
t = 1.148 | t = 0.656 | t = 2.160 | t = 2.160 | t = 1.780 | |
p = 0.252 | p = 0.512 | p = 0.031 * | p = 0.031 * | p = 0.076 | |
Do you think you pay enough attention to your health? | |||||
Yes (n: 293) | 16.77 ± 4.78 | 10.02 ± 2.64 | 10.38 ± 2.92 | 10.87 ± 3.26 | 48.07 ± 11.73 |
No (n: 153) | 15.86 ± 4.09 | 9.40 ± 2.24 | 9.90 ± 2.58 | 10.43 ± 3.00 | 45.60 ± 9.79 |
t = 2.014 | t = 2.477 | t = 1.711 | t = 1.408 | t = 2.223 | |
p = 0.045 * | p = 0.014 * | p = 0.088 | p = 0.160 | p = 0.027 * | |
Do you track your daily caloric intake? | |||||
Yes (n: 195) | 16.81 ± 4.98 | 9.99 ± 2.66 | 10.41 ± 2.86 | 11.16 ± 3.01 | 48.38 ± 11.44 |
No (n: 251) | 16.19 ± 4.21 | 9.67 ± 2.41 | 10.07 ± 2.78 | 10.38 ± 3.26 | 46.32 ± 10.87 |
t = 1.431 | t = 1.331 | t = 1.228 | t = 2.593 | t = 1.938 | |
p = 0.153 | p = 0.184 | p = 0.220 | p = 0.010 * | p = 0.053 | |
Do you track your daily step count? | |||||
Yes (n: 189) | 16.72 ± 5.43 | 10.19 ± 2.81 | 10.65 ± 3.04 | 11.32 ± 3.22 | 48.90 ± 12.80 |
No (n: 257) | 16.27 ± 3.81 | 9.53 ± 2.26 | 9.90 ± 2.60 | 10.28 ± 3.07 | 45.99 ± 9.61 |
t = 1.033 | t = 2.751 | t = 2.793 | t = 3.484 | t = 2.743 | |
p = 0.302 | p = 0.006 * | p = 0.005 * | p = 0.001 * | p = 0.006 * |
Variable | Control Center Mean ± SD | Precision Mean ± SD | Self-Awareness Mean ± SD | Importance of Health Mean ± SD | PHS Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Male (n: 328) | 13.82 ± 4.76 | 11.35 ± 3.50 | 8.82 ± 1.74 | 7.22 ± 2.58 | 41.24 ± 8.14 |
Female (n: 118) | 12.77 ± 4.60 | 11.74 ± 3.47 | 8.73 ± 1.70 | 6.75 ± 2.52 | 40.01 ± 7.15 |
t = 2.063 | t = −1.029 | t = 0.494 | t = 1.754 | t = 1.444 | |
p = 0.040 * | p = 0.304 | p = 0.622 | p = 0.080 | p = 0.126 | |
Are you knowledgeable about chronic diseases? | |||||
Yes (n: 305) | 14.00 ± 4.84 | 11.80 ± 3.27 | 8.87 ± 1.65 | 7.46 ± 2.40 | 42.14 ± 6.97 |
No (n: 141) | 13.33 ± 4.68 | 11.30 ± 3.58 | 8.77 ± 1.77 | 6.93 ± 2.54 | 40.34 ± 8.25 |
t = −1.388 | t = −1.396 | t = −0.616 | t = −2.069 | t = −2.247 | |
p = 0.171 | p = 0.150 | p = 0.538 | p = 0.039 * | p = 0.025 * | |
Does your family have a chronic disease? | |||||
Yes (n: 190) | 14.17 ± 4.94 | 11.94 ± 3.48 | 8.62 ± 1.97 | 7.12 ± 2.51 | 41.87 ± 7.90 |
No (n: 256) | 13.08 ± 4.53 | 11.10 ± 3.46 | 8.94 ± 1.51 | 7.08 ± 2.51 | 40.20 ± 7.85 |
t = 2.429 | t = 2.542 | t = −1.935 | t = 0.184 | t = 2.211 | |
p = 0.016 * | p = 0.011 * | p = 0.054 | p = 0.854 | p = 0.028 * | |
Do you think you pay enough attention to your health? | |||||
Yes (n: 293) | 14.07 ± 4.45 | 12.74 ± 2.90 | 8.84 ± 1.69 | 7.54 ± 2.21 | 43.20 ± 6.13 |
No (n: 153) | 13.27 ± 4.87 | 10.79 ± 3.59 | 8.78 ± 1.75 | 6.86 ± 2.62 | 39.72 ± 8.45 |
t = −1.685 | t = −5.805 | t = −0.336 | t = −2.746 | t = −4.519 | |
p = 0.093 | p = 0.000 * | p = 0.737 | p = 0.006 * | p = 0.000 * | |
Do you track your daily caloric intake? | |||||
Yes (n: 195) | 13.63 ± 4.82 | 11.86 ± 3.40 | 8.85 ± 1.66 | 7.22 ± 2.43 | 41.57 ± 7.53 |
No (n: 251) | 13.44 ± 4.64 | 10.94 ± 3.55 | 8.73 ± 1.81 | 6.93 ± 2.59 | 40.06 ± 8.30 |
t = −0.425 | t = −2.753 | t = −0.713 | t = −1.206 | t = −2.009 | |
p = 0.671 | p = 0.006 * | p = 0.476 | p = 0.228 | p = 0.048 * | |
Do you track your daily step count? | |||||
Yes (n: 189) | 13.87 ± 4.65 | 11.89 ± 3.55 | 8.81 ± 1.61 | 7.31 ± 2.40 | 41.90 ± 7.37 |
No (n: 257) | 13.11 ± 4.83 | 10.86 ± 3.60 | 8.79 ± 1.88 | 6.80 ± 2.62 | 39.57 ± 8.41 |
t = −1.677 | t = −3.108 | t = −0.118 | t = −2.150 | t = −3.099 | |
p = 0.094 | p = 0.002 * | p = 0.906 | p = 0.032 * | p = 0.002 * |
Subscales | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Definition (1) | r | 1 | ||||||||
p | ||||||||||
General Health (2) | r | 0.671 ** | 1 | |||||||
p | 0.000 | |||||||||
Awareness (3) | r | 0.650 ** | 0.578 ** | 1 | ||||||
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
Protection (4) | r | 0.622 ** | 0.520 ** | 0.677 ** | 1 | |||||
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||
MSKAS (5) | r | 0.904 ** | 0.796 ** | 0.843 ** | 0.829 ** | 1 | ||||
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
Control Center (6) | r | 0.224 ** | 0.167 ** | 0.183 ** | 0.177 ** | 0.226 ** | 1 | |||
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
Precision(7) | r | 0.186 ** | 0.146 ** | 0.185 ** | 0.147 ** | 0.198 ** | 0.503 ** | 1 | ||
p | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
Self-Awareness (8) | r | 0.040 | 0.009 | 0.022 | 0.038 | 0.035 | 0.031 | 0.025 | 1 | |
p | 0.405 | 0.853 | 0.646 | 0.424 | 0.467 | 0.518 | 0.596 | |||
Importance of health (9) | r | 0.028 | 0.004 | 0.031 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.045 | 0.006 | 0.169 ** | 1 |
p | 0.556 | 0.937 | 0.517 | 0.908 | 0.950 | 0.341 | 0.900 | 0.000 | ||
PHS (10) | r | 0.234 ** | 0.168 ** | 0.186 ** | 0.178 ** | 0.232 ** | 0.830 ** | 0.740 ** | 0.244 ** | 0.384 ** |
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
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Avcu, G.; Akbulut, T.; Avcu, E.Ç.; Migliaccio, G.M. The Relationship Between Metabolic Syndrome Awareness and Perception of Health in Exercise Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina 2025, 61, 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61030501
Avcu G, Akbulut T, Avcu EÇ, Migliaccio GM. The Relationship Between Metabolic Syndrome Awareness and Perception of Health in Exercise Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina. 2025; 61(3):501. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61030501
Chicago/Turabian StyleAvcu, Gökçe, Taner Akbulut, Emsal Çağla Avcu, and Gian Mario Migliaccio. 2025. "The Relationship Between Metabolic Syndrome Awareness and Perception of Health in Exercise Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study" Medicina 61, no. 3: 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61030501
APA StyleAvcu, G., Akbulut, T., Avcu, E. Ç., & Migliaccio, G. M. (2025). The Relationship Between Metabolic Syndrome Awareness and Perception of Health in Exercise Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina, 61(3), 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61030501