Effect of a Healing Program Using Marine Resources on Reducing Pain and Improving Physical Function in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Sample Size
2.4. Study Sites
2.5. Procedure
2.6. Intervention
2.7. Outcome Measures
2.7.1. Primary Outcome (Pain, Pressure Pain Threshold, Properties of Muscles, Disability)
2.7.2. Secondary Outcome (Lower Extremity Function, Balance, Gait, Depression)
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Primary Outcomes
3.2.1. Pain
3.2.2. Pressure Pain Threshold
3.2.3. Properties of Muscles
3.2.4. Disability
3.3. Secondary Outcomes
3.3.1. Lower Extremity Function
3.3.2. Balance
3.3.3. Gait
3.3.4. Depression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time | Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 4 | Day 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
07:00–08:00 | Coastal walk | Coastal walk | Coastal walk | Coastal walk | |
08:00–09:00 | Breakfast | Breakfast | Breakfast | Breakfast | |
09:00–10:00 | CORE exercise | CORE exercise | CORE exercise | CORE exercise | |
10:00–11:00 | Mindfulness meditation | Mindfulness meditation | Mindfulness meditation | Mindfulness meditation | |
11:00–12:00 | Break time | Break time | Break time | Post-measurement | |
12:00–13:00 | Lunch | Lunch | Lunch | ||
13:00–14:00 | Orientation | CORE exercise | CORE exercise | CORE exercise | Lunch |
14:00–15:00 | Pre-measurement | Nordic walking | Visiting Cheongsan Arboretum | Tideland activity | Check-out |
15:00–16:00 | |||||
16:00–17:00 | CORE exercise | Heated peat pack treatment | Heated peat pack treatment | Heated peat pack treatment | |
17:00–18:00 | Heated peat pack treatment | Break time | Break time | Dinner | |
18:00–19:00 | Dinner | Dinner | Dinner | Visiting Taean Light Festival | |
19:00–20:00 | Individual marine healing activities | Individual marine healing activities | Individual marine healing activities | ||
20:00–21:00 | Washing and personal care | ||||
21:00–22:00 | Sleeping |
Variables | G1 | G2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (y) a | 68.91 ± 5.07 | 68.57 ± 5.05 | 0.817 † |
Sex (M/F) b | 7/16 | 8/15 | 0.753 ‡ |
Height (cm) a | 158.24 ± 7.65 | 158.46 ± 7.62 | 0.924 † |
Weight (kg) a | 62.23 ± 9.69 | 61.89 ± 9.43 | 0.905 † |
BMI (kg/m2) a | 24.80 ± 3.00 | 24.61 ± 2.92 | 0.823 † |
Percent body fat (%) a | 33.24 ± 6.82 | 34.26 ± 6.20 | 0.599 † |
Skeletal muscle mass (kg) a | 22.38 ± 4.58 | 24.25 ± 5.05 | 0.196 † |
Variables | Group | Pre-Test | Post-Test | p-Value | ANOVA | η2p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||
PPT | ||||||
L3 | G1 | 6.09 ± 2.72 | 7.76 ± 2.70 | <0.001 | ||
G2 | 6.12 ± 2.61 | 6.19 ± 2.17 | 0.756 | <0.001 | 0.34 | |
p-value | 0.968 | 0.035 | ||||
L5 | G1 | 5.73 ± 3.10 | 6.91 ± 3.16 | 0.030 | ||
G2 | 6.05 ± 3.16 | 5.64 ± 2.32 | 0.305 | 0.017 | 0.12 | |
p-value | 0.725 | 0.127 | ||||
VAS | ||||||
Resting pain | G1 | 4.11 ± 1.75 | 1.17 ± 1.45 | <0.001 | ||
G2 | 3.89 ± 1.70 | 3.40 ± 1.42 | 0.017 | <0.001 | 0.39 | |
p-value | 0.663 | <0.001 | ||||
Movement pain | G1 | 5.74 ± 1.98 | 1.68 ± 1.61 | <0.001 | ||
G2 | 5.47 ± 1.99 | 4.74 ± 1.61 | 0.010 | <0.001 | 0.38 | |
p-value | 0.645 | <0.001 | ||||
Myoton | ||||||
L3 Tone | G1 | 19.00 ± 4.24 | 17.19 ± 2.30 | 0.015 | ||
G2 | 19.62 ± 4.32 | 19.34 ± 4.02 | 0.286 | 0.042 | 0.09 | |
p-value | 0.625 | 0.031 | ||||
L3 Stiffness | G1 | 402.48 ± 112.61 | 357.00 ± 61.51 | 0.017 | ||
G2 | 377.79 ± 90.84 | 376.45 ± 91.35 | 0.372 | 0.016 | 0.12 | |
p-value | 0.418 | 0.402 | ||||
L5 Tone | G1 | 17.19 ± 2.69 | 16.23 ± 4.04 | 0.045 | ||
G2 | 16.30 ± 3.06 | 16.57 ± 3.22 | 0.438 | 0.036 | 0.10 | |
p-value | 0.300 | 0.751 | ||||
L5 Stiffness | G1 | 374.74 ± 93.14 | 350.87 ± 89.78 | 0.058 | ||
G2 | 340.83 ± 95.67 | 341.87 ± 98.30 | 0.900 | 0.092 | 0.06 | |
p-value | 0.230 | 0.747 | ||||
ODI | G1 | 42.06 ± 12.61 | 24.72 ± 9.81 | <0.001 | ||
G2 | 43.67 ± 13.84 | 40.72 ± 11.37 | 0.141 | <0.001 | 0.28 | |
p-value | 0.682 | <0.001 |
Variables | Group | Pre-Test | Post-Test | p-Value | ANOVA | η2p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||
SPPB | G1 | 9.46 ± 1.74 | 10.96 ± 1.11 | <0.001 | ||
G2 | 9.63 ± 1.37 | 9.72 ± 1.36 | 0.539 | <0.001 | 0.35 | |
p-value | 0.709 | 0.002 | ||||
BDI | G1 | 23.61 ± 12.36 | 6.74 ± 4.71 | <0.001 | ||
G2 | 22.14 ± 11.56 | 21.90 ± 11.81 | 0.336 | <0.001 | 0.47 | |
p-value | 0.679 | <0.001 | ||||
Balance ability | ||||||
Sway area (cm2) | G1 | 289.55 ± 230.78 | 208.80 ± 143.03 | 0.046 | ||
G2 | 303.28 ± 238.40 | 316.46 ± 267.96 | 0.182 | 0.021 | 0.11 | |
p-value | 0.844 | 0.096 | ||||
Sway velocity (cm/s) | G1 | 15.87 ± 8.24 | 13.96 ± 7.16 | 0.242 | ||
G2 | 16.71 ± 8.71 | 16.80 ± 7.94 | 0.901 | 0.256 | 0.03 | |
p-value | 0.738 | 0.209 | ||||
Gait ability | ||||||
Velocity (cm/s) | G1 | 110.70 ± 13.09 | 122.84 ± 12.67 | <0.001 | ||
G2 | 104.56 ± 14.16 | 106.86 ± 26.45 | 0.636 | 0.065 | 0.08 | |
p-value | 0.134 | 0.012 | ||||
Cadence (step/min) | G1 | 109.27 ± 6.91 | 113.41 ± 7.63 | <0.001 | ||
G2 | 103.21 ± 9.77 | 100.24 ± 15.86 | 0.355 | 0.036 | 0.10 | |
p-value | 0.019 | <0.001 | ||||
Step length (cm) | G1 | 60.68 ± 6.87 | 64.24 ± 8.58 | 0.020 | ||
G2 | 64.01 ± 8.57 | 63.97 ± 7.34 | 0.971 | 0.048 | 0.09 | |
p-value | 0.153 | 0.911 |
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Baek, J.-E.; Kim, S.-H.; Shin, H.-J.; Cho, H.-Y. Effect of a Healing Program Using Marine Resources on Reducing Pain and Improving Physical Function in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study. Medicina 2025, 61, 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020172
Baek J-E, Kim S-H, Shin H-J, Cho H-Y. Effect of a Healing Program Using Marine Resources on Reducing Pain and Improving Physical Function in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study. Medicina. 2025; 61(2):172. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020172
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaek, Ji-Eun, Sung-Hyeon Kim, Ho-Jin Shin, and Hwi-Young Cho. 2025. "Effect of a Healing Program Using Marine Resources on Reducing Pain and Improving Physical Function in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study" Medicina 61, no. 2: 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020172
APA StyleBaek, J.-E., Kim, S.-H., Shin, H.-J., & Cho, H.-Y. (2025). Effect of a Healing Program Using Marine Resources on Reducing Pain and Improving Physical Function in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study. Medicina, 61(2), 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020172