Effects of Uncertainty, Appraisal of Uncertainty, and Self-Efficacy on the Quality of Life of Elderly Patients with Lung Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy: Based on Mishel’s Theory of Uncertainty
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design and Subjects
2.2. Research Instruments
2.2.1. General Characteristics and Disease-Related Characteristics
2.2.2. Uncertainty
2.2.3. Appraisal of Uncertainty
2.2.4. Self-Efficacy
2.2.5. Quality of Life
2.3. Data Collection and Ethical Considerations
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics and Disease-Related Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life According to General Characteristics and Disease-Related Characteristics
3.3. Degree of Uncertainty, Appraisal of Uncertainty: Opportunity, Appraisal of Uncertainty: Danger, Self-Efficacy, and Quality of Life of Participants
3.4. Correlations of Uncertainty, Appraisal of Uncertainty: Opportunity, Appraisal of Uncertainty: Danger, Self-Efficacy, and Quality of Life
3.5. Factors Affecting the Quality of Life of Elderly Patients with Lung Cancer
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care/Clinical Practice
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Classification | n | % | Quality of Life | t/F | p-Value Scheffe Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | ||||||
Sex | Men | 81 | 72.3 | 2.55 | 0.58 | −0.87 | 0.387 |
Wonen | 31 | 27.7 | 2.66 | 0.65 | |||
Age (years) | 65–69 | 60 | 53.6 | 2.51 | 0.57 | 1.69 | 0.190 |
70–79 | 40 | 35.7 | 2.72 | 0.62 | |||
80 and over | 12 | 10.7 | 2.46 | 0.60 | |||
Marital state | Married | 79 | 70.5 | 2.62 | 0.54 | 1.15 | 0.254 |
Unmarried, Divorced, etc. | 33 | 29.5 | 2.48 | 0.72 | |||
Main caregiver | Spouse | 62 | 55.4 | 2.61 | 0.57 | 1.72 | 0.184 |
Children | 22 | 19.6 | 2.71 | 0.64 | |||
Caregiver | 28 | 25.0 | 2.41 | 0.60 | |||
Education | Graduated from middle school or lower | 66 | 58.9 | 2.47 | 0.60 | −2.48 | 0.015 |
Graduated from high school or higher | 46 | 41.1 | 2.73 | 0.56 | |||
Breadwinner | Self, Pension | 68 | 60.7 | 2.56 | 0.64 | −0.53 | 0.601 |
Spouse or Children | 44 | 39.3 | 2.62 | 0.52 | |||
Economic condition | Middle | 61 | 54.5 | 2.76 | 0.58 | 3.69 | <0.001 |
Low | 51 | 45.5 | 2.37 | 0.54 | |||
Diagnosis | Small cell lung cancer | 9 | 8.0 | 2.47 | 0.55 | −0.57 | 0.571 |
Non-small cell lung cancer | 103 | 92.0 | 2.59 | 0.60 | |||
Clinical stage | Stage I or II | 9 | 8.0 | 2.49 | 0.60 | −0.45 | 0.653 |
Stage III or IV | 103 | 92.0 | 2.59 | 0.60 | |||
Types of anticancer therapy | Radiotherapy and chemotherapy a | 12 | 10.7 | 2.62 | 0.64 | 5.94 | 0.001 |
Chemotherapy b | 28 | 25.0 | 2.20 | 0.55 | b < c,d | ||
Immunotherapy c | 37 | 33.0 | 2.74 | 0.59 | |||
Targeted therapy d | 35 | 31.3 | 2.71 | 0.50 | |||
The number of anticancer therapy | First a | 73 | 65.2 | 2.62 | 0.53 | 5.88 | 0.004 |
Second b | 29 | 25.9 | 2.68 | 0.66 | a,b > c | ||
Three times of more c | 10 | 8.9 | 2.00 | 0.56 |
Variables | Mean | SD | Actual Range |
---|---|---|---|
Uncertainty | 2.62 | 0.49 | 1.48–3.64 |
Appraisal of uncertainty: danger | 1.49 | 0.99 | 0–4.38 |
Appraisal of uncertainty: opportunity | 2.36 | 1.03 | 0.57–5 |
Self-efficacy | 6.04 | 1.53 | 1.90–9.20 |
Quality of life | 2.58 | 0.95 | 1.07–3.72 |
Physical state | 2.95 | 0.80 | 0.29–4 |
Social/family state | 2.46 | 0.91 | 0–4 |
Emotional state | 2.82 | 0.82 | 0.67–4 |
Functional state | 2.02 | 0.89 | 0.29–4 |
Other state | 2.65 | 0.75 | 0.43–4 |
Variables | Uncertainty r (p) | Appraisal of Uncertainty: Danger r (p) | Appraisal of Uncertainty: Opportunity r (p) | Self-Efficacy r (p) | Quality of Life r (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uncertainty | 1 | ||||
Appraisal of uncertainty: danger | 0.43 (<0.001) | 1 | |||
Appraisal of uncertainty: opportunity | −0.63 (<0.001) | −0.34 (<0.001) | 1 | ||
Self-efficacy | −0.46 (<0.001) | −0.38 (<0.001) | 0.55 (<0.001) | 1 | |
Quality of life | −0.56 (<0.001) | −0.61 (<0.001) | 0.58 (<0.001) | 0.70 (<0.001) | 1 |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | β | t | p | B | SE | β | t | p | |
Constants | 2.82 | 0.11 | 24.76 | <0.001 | 1.86 | 0.35 | 5.36 | <0.001 | ||
Education (graduation from high school or over) | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 2.16 | 0.033 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.782 |
Economic condition (low) | −0.36 | 0.09 | −0.30 | −3.72 | <0.001 | −0.06 | 0.07 | −0.05 | −0.19 | 0.415 |
Anticancer therapy (radiotherapy + chemotherapy) | −0.19 | 0.17 | −0.10 | −1.12 | 0.264 | −0.02 | 0.11 | −0.01 | −0.18 | 0.856 |
Anticancer therapy (chemotherapy) | −0.46 | 0.12 | −0.34 | −3.70 | <0.001 | −0.19 | 0.09 | −0.14 | −2.19 | 0.031 |
Anticancer therapy (targeted therapy) | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.52 | 0.602 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 1.45 | 0.151 |
The number of anticancer therapy (second) | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.751 | |||||
The number of anticancer therapy (three times or more) | −0.61 | 0.17 | −0.29 | −3.60 | <0.001 | −0.35 | 0.12 | −0.17 | −2.84 | 0.006 |
The number of anticancer therapy (first) | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.39 | 0.698 | |||||
Uncertainty | −0.07 | 0.09 | −0.06 | −0.76 | 0.448 | |||||
Appraisal of uncertainty: opportunity | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 2.40 | 0.018 | |||||
Appraisal of uncertainty: danger | −0.18 | 0.04 | −0.29 | −4.73 | <0.001 | |||||
Self-efficacy | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.41 | 5.97 | <0.001 | |||||
R2 | 0.365 | 0.742 | ||||||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.322 | 0.714 | ||||||||
△ Adjusted R2 (p) | 0.392 (<0.001) | |||||||||
F (p) | 8.52 (<0.001) | 26.17 (<0.001) |
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Hwang, M.-K.; Kim, H.-K.; Lee, K.-H. Effects of Uncertainty, Appraisal of Uncertainty, and Self-Efficacy on the Quality of Life of Elderly Patients with Lung Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy: Based on Mishel’s Theory of Uncertainty. Medicina 2023, 59, 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061051
Hwang M-K, Kim H-K, Lee K-H. Effects of Uncertainty, Appraisal of Uncertainty, and Self-Efficacy on the Quality of Life of Elderly Patients with Lung Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy: Based on Mishel’s Theory of Uncertainty. Medicina. 2023; 59(6):1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061051
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwang, Min-Kyung, Hee-Kyung Kim, and Ki-Hyeong Lee. 2023. "Effects of Uncertainty, Appraisal of Uncertainty, and Self-Efficacy on the Quality of Life of Elderly Patients with Lung Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy: Based on Mishel’s Theory of Uncertainty" Medicina 59, no. 6: 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061051
APA StyleHwang, M.-K., Kim, H.-K., & Lee, K.-H. (2023). Effects of Uncertainty, Appraisal of Uncertainty, and Self-Efficacy on the Quality of Life of Elderly Patients with Lung Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy: Based on Mishel’s Theory of Uncertainty. Medicina, 59(6), 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061051