Assessment and Correlation of Salivary Ca, Mg, and pH in Smokers and Non-Smokers with Generalized Chronic Periodontitis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Characteristics
2.2. Sample Characteristics
2.3. Study Protocol and Clinical Parameters Measured in the Study
2.4. Collection of Salivary Sample and Its Laboratory Analysis
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Comparative Analysis of Clinical Parameters between the Study Groups
3.3. Comparative Analysis of Biochemical Parameters between the Study Groups
3.4. Correlational Analysis of Biochemical and Clinical Parameter in the Study Groups
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Categories | Study Group | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group I (Non-Smoker) n = 105 | Group II (Smoker) n = 105 | |||
Age (Mean ± SD) | 45.80 ± 3.46 | 42.08 ± 6.19 | 0.573 | |
Gender † | Male | 57 (54) | 59 (56) | 0.62 |
Female | 48 (46) | 46 (44) |
Clinical Parameter | Group I | Group II | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Plaque Index | 1.71 ± 0.48 | 1.51 ± 0.34 | 0.109 |
Gingival Index | 1.55 ± 0.38 | 1.67 ± 0.29 | 0.222 |
Periodontal Probing Depth | 5.57 ± 1.02 | 6.16 ± 0.77 | 0.025 * |
Clinical Attachment Level | 5.08 ± 0.73 | 5.70 ± 0.67 | 0.003 ** |
Parameter | Group I | Group II | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 6.44 ± 0.86 | 6.80 ± 0.91 | 0.160 |
Calcium | 3.86 ± 1.03 | 5.79 ± 1.76 | 0.000 *** |
Magnesium | 0.54 ± 0.18 | 0.49 ± 0.24 | 0.413 |
Ca | Mg | pH | PI | GI | PPD | CAL | Age | Gender ¶ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | - | 0.985 (0.004) | 0.243 (0.237) | 0.978 (−0.006) | 0.994 (0.002) | 0.039 * (−0.415) | 0.043 * (−0.407) | 0.415 (−0.171) | 0.490 (−0.145) |
Mg | 0.985 (0.004) | - | 0.037 * (−0.419) | 0.306 (0.213) | 0.671 (0.089) | 0.855 (−0.038) | 0.789 (−0.056) | 0.176 (0.280) | 0.853 (−0.039) |
pH | 0.243 (0.237) | 0.037 * (−0.419) | - | 0.105 (0.332) | 0.068 (0.371) | 0.423 (0.168) | 0.370 (0.187) | 0.616 (0.105) | 0.688 (0.084) |
PI | 0.978 (−0.006) | 0.306 (0.213) | 0.105 (0.332) | - | 0.000 *** (0.783) | 0.521 (0.135) | 0.570 (0.119) | 0.677 (0.088) | 0.739 (0.070) |
GI | 0.994 (0.002) | 0.671 (0.089) | 0.068 (0.371) | 0.000 *** (0.783) | - | 0.902 (0.026) | 0.865 (−0.036) | 0.064 (0.376) | 0.711 (0.078) |
PPD | 0.039 * (−0.415) | 0.855 (−0.038) | 0.423 (0.168) | 0.521 (0.135) | 0.902 (0.026) | - | 0.000 *** (0.937) | 0.834 (0.044) | 0.725 (0.074) |
CAL | 0.043 * (−0.407) | 0.789 (−0.056) | 0.370 (0.187) | 0.570 (0.119) | 0.865 (−0.036) | 0.000 *** (0.937) | - | 0.791 (−0.056) | 0.669 (0.090) |
Age | 0.415 (−0.171) | 0.176 (0.280) | 0.616 (0.105) | 0.677 (0.088) | 0.064 (0.376) | 0.834 (0.044) | 0.791 (−0.056) | - | 0.811 (0.050) |
Gender | 0.490 (−0.145) | 0.853 (−0.039) | 0.688 (0.084) | 0.739 (0.070) | 0.711 (0.078) | 0.725 (0.074) | 0.669 (0.090) | 0.811 (0.050) | - |
Ca | Mg | pH | PI | GI | PPD | CAL | Age | Gender ¶ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | - | 0.614 (−0.106) | 0.003 ** (−0.572) | 0.403 (0.175) | 0.343 (0.198) | 0.260 (0.234) | 0.385 (0.182) | 0.058 (0.385) | 0.692 (0.083) |
Mg | 0.614 (−0.106) | - | 0.488 (−0.145) | 0.580 (0.116) | 0.426 (−0.167) | 0.667 (−0.090) | 0.693 (−0.083) | 0.473 (0.151) | 0.145 (0.300) |
pH | 0.003 ** (−0.572) | 0.488 (−0.145) | - | 0.089 (0.347) | 0.201 (0.265) | 0.850 (−0.040) | 0.976 (−0.006) | 0.772 (−0.061) | 0.286 (−0.222) |
PI | 0.403 (0.175) | 0.580 (0.116) | 0.089 (0.347) | - | 0.068 (0.371) | 0.444 (0.160) | 0.327 (0.204) | 0.270 (0.229) | 0.453 (0.157) |
GI | 0.343 (0.198) | 0.426 (−0.167) | 0.201 (0.265) | 0.068 (0.371) | - | 0.632 (0.101) | 0.492 (0.144) | 0.033 * (0.427) | 0.689 (0.084) |
PPD | 0.260 (0.234) | 0.667 (−0.090) | 0.850 (−0.040) | 0.444 (0.160) | 0.632 (0.101) | - | 0.000 *** (0.963) | 0.386 (0.181) | 0.098 (−0.338) |
CAL | 0.385 (0.182) | 0.693 (−0.083) | 0.976 (−0.006) | 0.327 (0.204) | 0.492 (0.144) | 0.000 *** (0.963) | - | 0.388 (0.180) | 0.054 (−0.390) |
Age | 0.058 (0.385) | 0.473 (0.151) | 0.772 (−0.061) | 0.270 (0.229) | 0.033 * (0.427) | 0.386 (0.181) | 0.388 (0.180) | - | 0.222 (0.253) |
Gender ¶ | 0.692 (0.083) | 0.145 (0.300) | 0.286 (−0.222) | 0.453 (0.157) | 0.689 (0.084) | 0.098 (−0.338) | 0.054 (−0.390) | 0.222 (0.253) | - |
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Alqahtani, S.M.; Gokhale, S.T.; Elagib, M.F.A.; Shrivastava, D.; Nagate, R.R.; Alshmrani, B.A.M.; Alburade, A.M.A.; Alqahtani, F.M.A.; Nagarajappa, A.K.; Natoli, V.; et al. Assessment and Correlation of Salivary Ca, Mg, and pH in Smokers and Non-Smokers with Generalized Chronic Periodontitis. Medicina 2023, 59, 765. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040765
Alqahtani SM, Gokhale ST, Elagib MFA, Shrivastava D, Nagate RR, Alshmrani BAM, Alburade AMA, Alqahtani FMA, Nagarajappa AK, Natoli V, et al. Assessment and Correlation of Salivary Ca, Mg, and pH in Smokers and Non-Smokers with Generalized Chronic Periodontitis. Medicina. 2023; 59(4):765. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040765
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlqahtani, Saad Mohammad, Shankar T. Gokhale, Mohamed Fadul A. Elagib, Deepti Shrivastava, Raghavendra Reddy Nagate, Badar Awadh Mohammad Alshmrani, Abduaziz Mohammed Abdullah Alburade, Fares Mufreh Abdullah Alqahtani, Anil Kumar Nagarajappa, Valentino Natoli, and et al. 2023. "Assessment and Correlation of Salivary Ca, Mg, and pH in Smokers and Non-Smokers with Generalized Chronic Periodontitis" Medicina 59, no. 4: 765. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040765
APA StyleAlqahtani, S. M., Gokhale, S. T., Elagib, M. F. A., Shrivastava, D., Nagate, R. R., Alshmrani, B. A. M., Alburade, A. M. A., Alqahtani, F. M. A., Nagarajappa, A. K., Natoli, V., & Srivastava, K. C. (2023). Assessment and Correlation of Salivary Ca, Mg, and pH in Smokers and Non-Smokers with Generalized Chronic Periodontitis. Medicina, 59(4), 765. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040765