Relationship between Chinese Herbal Medicine Use and Risk of Sjögren’s Syndrome in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective, Population-Based, Nested Case-Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source and Identification of Study Participants
2.2. Identification of Case and Control
2.3. Exposure Assessment of CHM Use
2.4. Measurement of Covariates
2.5. Statistical Modeling
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total Group | Case | Control | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 916 (%) | N = 1832 (%) | |||
Age (years) | 0.47 | |||
≤50 | 1254 (45.6) | 427 (46.6) | 827 (45.1) | |
>50 | 1494 (54.4) | 489 (53.4) | 1005 (54.9) | |
Mean (SD) | 53.2 (14.4) | 53.1 (14.8) | 53.3 (13.9) | 0.81 |
Sex | 0.99 | |||
Female | 2388 (86.9) | 796 (86.9) | 1592 (87.0) | |
Male | 360 (13.1) | 120 (13.1) | 240 (13.0) | |
Monthly income | 0.53 | |||
Low | 1210 (44.1) | 406 (44.3) | 804 (43.9) | |
Median | 1430 (52.0) | 469 (51.2) | 961 (52.5) | |
High | 108 (3.9) | 41 (4.5) | 67 (3.7) | |
Residential area | 0.66 | |||
Urban | 1572 (57.2) | 516 (56.2) | 1057 (57.7) | |
Suburban | 416 (15.1) | 128 (15.9) | 270 (14.7) | |
Rural | 760 (27.7) | 272 (27.9) | 505 (27.6) | |
Medication use | 0.67 | |||
Yes | 2038 (74.2) | 684 (74.7) | 1354 (73.9) | |
No | 710 (25.8) | 232 (25.3) | 478 (26.1) | |
CCI | 4.73 (7.9) | 4.59 (7.8) | 4.86 (8.0) | 0.40 |
CHM Exposure | Subjects | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR * (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case n = 916 | Control n = 1832 | |||||
Non-CHM users | 659 | 72% | 945 | 52% | 1 | 1 |
CHM users | 257 | 28% | 887 | 48% | 0.42 (0.35–0.49) | 0.40 (0.34–0.47) |
Low intensity (31–365 days) | 215 | 23% | 720 | 39% | 0.44 (0.30–0.64) | 0.44 (0.30–0.65) |
Medium intensity (366–730 days) | 35 | 4% | 112 | 6% | 0.43 (0.36–0.51) | 0.42 (0.35–0.50) |
High intensity (731 days or more) | 7 | 1% | 55 | 3% | 0.18 (0.09–0.34) | 0.17 (0.10–0.32) |
Variables | Subjects, n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR * (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Female | |||
Non-CHM users | 566 (71.1) | 1 | 1 |
CHM users | 230 (28.9) | 0.39 (0.33–0.47) | 0.38 (0.32–0.46) |
Male | |||
Non-CHM users | 93 (77.5) | 1 | 1 |
CHM users | 27 (22.5) | 0.62 (0.37–1.02) | 0.63 (0.37–1.03) |
Age ≤ 50 | |||
Non-CHM users | 291 (68.1) | 1 | 1 |
CHM users | 136 (31.9) | 0.38 (0.30–0.48) | 0.37 (0.29–0.47) |
Age > 50 | |||
Non-CHM users | 368 (75.3) | 1 | 1 |
CHM users | 121 (24.7) | 0.44 (0.35–0.56) | 0.42 (0.35–0.49) |
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Liao, H.-H.; Livneh, H.; Lin, M.-C.; Lu, M.-C.; Lai, N.-S.; Yen, H.-R.; Tsai, T.-Y. Relationship between Chinese Herbal Medicine Use and Risk of Sjögren’s Syndrome in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective, Population-Based, Nested Case-Control Study. Medicina 2023, 59, 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040683
Liao H-H, Livneh H, Lin M-C, Lu M-C, Lai N-S, Yen H-R, Tsai T-Y. Relationship between Chinese Herbal Medicine Use and Risk of Sjögren’s Syndrome in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective, Population-Based, Nested Case-Control Study. Medicina. 2023; 59(4):683. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040683
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Hou-Hsun, Hanoch Livneh, Miao-Chiu Lin, Ming-Chi Lu, Ning-Sheng Lai, Hung-Rong Yen, and Tzung-Yi Tsai. 2023. "Relationship between Chinese Herbal Medicine Use and Risk of Sjögren’s Syndrome in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective, Population-Based, Nested Case-Control Study" Medicina 59, no. 4: 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040683