Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation Reduces Pathological Sensation of Mesh One Week after Open Inguinal Hernia Surgery: Follow-Up Results from a Randomized, Double Blind and Placebo-Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Time Point | SF-36 Domain | TENS Group | Placebo-TENS Group | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Surgery day | Total | 62.26 ± 11.80 | 61.50 ± 19.07 | 0.866 |
Physical Functioning | 66.25 ± 22.35 | 97.88 ± 25.79 | 0.609 | |
Role-Physical | 52.97 ± 17.90 | 51.09 ± 26.28 | 0.482 | |
Bodily Pain | 63.33 ± 22.95 | 61.94 ± 25.27 | 0.868 | |
General Health | 47.88 ± 13.77 | 51.75 ± 16.19 | 0.305 | |
Vitality | 64.06 ± 15.49 | 65.47 ± 19.81 | 0.677 | |
Social Functioning | 70.31 ± 19.95 | 68.44 ± 23.85 | 0.814 | |
Role-Emotional | 62.92 ± 18.87 | 57.92 ± 25.73 | 0.282 | |
Mental Health | 70.38 ± 16.89 | 67.50 ± 19.90 | 0.605 | |
2 days | Total | 55.60 ± 10.67 | 53.02 ± 15.34 | 0.635 |
Physical Functioning | 48.86 ± 20.30 | 43.16 ± 18.65 | 0.329 | |
Role-Physical | 41.25 ± 20.18 | 37.66 ± 22.35 | 0.709 | |
Bodily Pain | 49.21 ± 17.93 | 45.91 ± 18.30 | 0.430 | |
General Health | 50.86 ± 14.68 | 53.16 ± 15.09 | 0.523 | |
Vitality | 65.36 ± 15.03 | 64.31 ± 19.27 | 0.996 | |
Social Functioning | 61.43 ± 19.97 | 58.22 ± 25.88 | 0.587 | |
Role-Emotional | 53.10 ± 19.40 | 52.63 ± 25.93 | 0.826 | |
Mental Health | 74.71 ± 16.62 | 69.08 ± 22.63 | 0.399 | |
1 week | Total | 58.25 ± 11.38 | 56.65 ± 14.81 | 0.956 |
Physical Functioning | 56.00 ± 18.50 | 52.50 ± 24.29 | 0.706 | |
Role-Physical | 38.93 ± 19.42 | 40.46 ± 21.14 | 0.530 | |
Bodily Pain | 58.41 ± 15.79 | 52.34 ± 18.61 | 0.394 | |
General Health | 55.00 ± 14.19 | 56.32 ± 16.67 | 0.660 | |
Vitality | 66.79 ± 16.17 | 66.45 ± 17.40 | 0.960 | |
Social Functioning | 63.21 ± 17.92 | 61.18 ± 24.79 | 0.690 | |
Role-Emotional | 93.81 ± 19.53 | 51.97 ± 24.54 | 0.733 | |
Mental Health | 73.86 ± 15.10 | 71.97 ± 19.37 | 0.846 | |
2 weeks | Total | 70.00 ± 13.10 | 69.32 ± 16.94 | 0.830 |
Physical Functioning | 76.29 ± 19.64 | 73.11 ± 22.62 | 0.575 | |
Role-Physical | 56.61 ± 16.32 | 57.26 ± 24.94 | 0.931 | |
Bodily Pain | 77.46 ± 14.38 | 75.38 ± 20.31 | 0.872 | |
General Health | 57.00 ± 17.95 | 59.32 ± 15.91 | 0.614 | |
Vitality | 71.07 ± 14.86 | 71.96 ± 17.16 | 0.517 | |
Social Functioning | 78.57 ± 17.83 | 74.66 ± 20.93 | 0.450 | |
Role-Emotional | 68.57 ± 19.81 | 66.89 ± 26.97 | 0.936 | |
Mental Health | 74.43 ± 18.58 | 75.95 ± 17.83 | 0.730 | |
6 months | Total | 73.93 ± 12.43 | 77.19 ± 18.06 | 0.206 |
Physical Functioning | 86.60 ± 18.52 | 86.97 ± 21.86 | 0.569 | |
Role-Physical | 73.00 ± 20.86 | 74.62 ± 26.33 | 0.543 | |
Bodily Pain | 82.22 ± 15.04 | 87.21 ± 14.99 | 0.199 | |
General Health | 54.80 ± 18.40 | 58.33 ± 19.54 | 0.463 | |
Vitality | 70.00 ± 16.24 | 74.81 ± 19.79 | 0.226 | |
Social Functioning | 79.50 ± 16.88 | 83.33 ± 21.35 | 0.191 | |
Role-Emotional | 73.33 ± 20.97 | 75.25 ± 28.07 | 0.486 | |
Mental Health | 72.00 ± 13.69 | 76.97 ± 19.20 | 0.196 |
References
- Kingsnorth, A.; LeBlanc, K. Hernias: Inguinal and incisional. Lancet 2003, 362, 1561–1571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ran, K.; Wang, X.; Zhao, Y. Open tensionless repair techniques for inguinal hernia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hernia 2020, 24, 733–745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hernia Surge Group. International guidelines for groin hernia management. Hernia 2018, 22, 1–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Heniford, B.T.; Lincourt, A.E.; Walters, A.L.; Colavita, P.D.; Belyansky, I.; Kercher, K.W.; Sing, R.F.; Augenstein, V.A. Carolinas comfort scale as a measure of hernia repair quality of life: A reappraisal utilizing 3788 international patients. Ann. Surg. 2018, 267, 171–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jenkins, J.T.; O'Dwyer, P.J. Inguinal hernias. BMJ 2008, 336, 269–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fortelny, R.H.; Schwab, R.; Glaser, K.S.; Puchner, K.U.; May, C.; König, F.; Redl, H.; Petter-Puchner, A.H. The assessment of quality of life in a trial on lightweight mesh fixation with fibrin sealant in transabdominal preperitoneal hernia repair. Hernia 2008, 12, 499–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hinrichs-Rocker, A.; Schulz, K.; Järvinen, I.; Lefering, R.; Simanski, C.; Neugebauer, E.A. Psychosocial predictors and correlates for chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP)—A systematic review. Eur. J. Pain 2009, 13, 719–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matthews, R.D.; Anthony, T.; Kim, L.T.; Wang, J.; Fitzgibbons, R.J., Jr.; Giobbie-Hurder, A.; Reda, D.J.; Itani, K.M.F.; Neumayer, L.A.; Veterans Affairs Cooperative. Factors associated with postoperative complications and hernia recurrence for patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair: A report from the VA cooperative hernia study group. Am. J. Surg. 2007, 194, 611–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aasvang, E.K.; Møhl, B.; Bay-Nielsen, M.; Kehlet, H. Pain related sexual dysfunction after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Pain 2006, 122, 258–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Magnusson, J.; Nygren, J.; Gustafsson, U.O.; Thorell, A. UltraPro hernia system, prolene hernia system and lichtenstein for primary inguinal hernia repair: 3-year outcomes of a prospective randomized controlled trial. Hernia 2016, 20, 641–648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lange, J.F.M.; Kaufmann, R.; Wijsmuller, A.R.; Pierie, J.P.E.N.; Ploeg, R.J.; Chen, D.C.; Amid, P.K. An international consensus algorithm for management of chronic postoperative inguinal pain. Hernia 2015, 19, 33–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Blichfeldt-Eckhardt, M.R. From acute to chronic postsurgical pain: The significance of the acute pain response. Dan. Med. J. 2018, 65, B5326. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ware, J.E., Jr.; Sherbourne, C.D. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. conceptual framework and item selection. Med. Care 1992, 30, 473–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Heniford, B.T.; Walters, A.L.; Lincourt, A.E.; Novitsky, Y.W.; Hope, W.W.; Kercher, K.W. Comparison of generic versus specific quality-of-life scales for mesh hernia repairs. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2008, 206, 638–644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muysoms, F.; Campanelli, G.; Champault, G.G.; DeBeaux, A.C.; Dietz, U.A.; Jeekel, J.; Klinge, U.; Köckerling, F.; Mandala, V.; Montgomery, A.; et al. EuraHS: The development of an international online platform for registration and outcome measurement of ventral abdominal wall hernia repair. Hernia 2012, 16, 239–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Staerkle, R.F.; Villiger, P. Simple questionnaire for assessing core outcomes in inguinal hernia repair. Br. J. Surg. 2011, 98, 148–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brattwall, M.; Warren Stomberg, M.; Rawal, N.; Segerdahl, M.; Jakobsson, J.; Houltz, E. Patients' assessment of 4-week recovery after ambulatory surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 2011, 55, 92–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoofwijk, D.M.N.; Fiddelers, A.A.A.; Peters, M.L.; Stessel, B.; Kessels, A.G.H.; Joosten, E.A.; Gramke, H.-F.; Marcus, M.A.E. Prevalence and predictive factors of chronic postsurgical pain and poor global recovery 1 year after outpatient surgery. Clin. J. Pain 2015, 31, 1017–1025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loos, M.J.A.; Roumen, R.M.H.; Scheltinga, M.R.M. Classifying post-herniorrhaphy pain syndromes following elective inguinal hernia repair. World J. Surg. 2007, 31, 1760–1765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dalamagka, M.; Mavrommatis, C.; Grosomanidis, V.; Karakoulas, K.; Vasilakos, D. Postoperative analgesia after low-frequency electroacupuncture as adjunctive treatment in inguinal hernia surgery with abdominal wall mesh reconstruction. Acupunct. Med. 2015, 33, 360–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chou, R.; Gordon, D.B.; de Leon-Casasola, O.A.; Rosenberg, J.M.; Bickler, S.; Brennan, T.; Carter, T.; Cassidy, C.L.; Chittenden, E.H.; Degenhardt, E.; et al. Management of postoperative pain: A clinical practice guideline from the american pain society, the american society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine, and the american society of anesthesiologists’ committee on regional anesthesia, executive committee, and administrative council. J. Pain 2016, 17, 131–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Paley, C.A.; Wittkopf, P.G.; Jones, G.; Johnson, M.I. Does TENS reduce the intensity of acute and chronic pain? A comprehensive appraisal of the characteristics and outcomes of 169 reviews and 49 meta-analyses. Medicina 2021, 57, 1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- American Physical Therapy Association. Section on Clinical Electrophysiology. In Electrotherapeutic Terminology in Physical Therapy; The Association: Alexandria, VA, USA, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Fiorelli, A.; Morgillo, F.; Milione, R.; Pace, M.C.; Passavanti, M.B.; Laperuta, P.; Aurilio, C.; Santini, M. Control of Post-Thoracotomy pain by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: Effect on serum cytokine levels, visual analogue scale, pulmonary function and medication. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2012, 41, 861–868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Freynet, A.; Falcoz, P.E. Is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation effective in relieving postoperative pain after thoracotomy? Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg. 2010, 10, 283–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sbruzzi, G.; Silveira, S.A.; Silva, D.V.; Coronel, C.C.; Plentz, R.D. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic surgery: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 randomized trials. Rev. Bras. Cir. Cardiovasc. 2012, 27, 75–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bjersa, K.; Andersson, T. High frequency TENS as a complement for pain relief in postoperative transition from epidural to general analgesia after pancreatic resection. Complement Ther. Clin. Pract. 2014, 20, 5–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bjerså, K.; Jildenstaal, P.; Jakobsson, J.; Egardt, M.; Fagevik Olsén, M. Adjunct high frequency transcutaneous electric stimulation (TENS) for postoperative pain management during weaning from epidural analgesia following colon surgery: Results from a controlled pilot study. Pain Manag. Nurs. 2015, 16, 944–950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, M.B.; de Melo, P.R.; de Oliveira, N.M.; Crema, E.; Fernandes, L.F. Analgesic effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2012, 91, 652–657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakel, B.; Frantz, R. Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on postoperative pain with movement. J. Pain 2003, 4, 455–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- DeSantana, J.M.; Santana-Filho, V.J.; Guerra, D.R.; Sluka, K.A.; Gurgel, R.Q.; da Silva, W.M., Jr. Hypoalgesic effect of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation following inguinal herniorrhaphy: A randomized, controlled trial. J. Pain 2008, 9, 623–629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- da Silva, M.P.; Liebano, R.E.; Rodrigues, V.A.; Abla, L.E.; Ferreira, L.M. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief after liposuction: A randomized controlled trial. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 2015, 39, 262–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Desantana, J.M.; Sluka, K.A.; Lauretti, G.R. High and low frequency TENS reduce postoperative pain intensity after laparoscopic tubal ligation: A randomized controlled trial. Clin. J. Pain 2009, 25, 12–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kayman-Kose, S.; Arioz, D.T.; Toktaş, H.; Koken, G.; Kanat-Pektas, M.; Köse, M.; Yilmazer, M. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain control after vaginal delivery and cesarean section. J. Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014, 27, 1572–1575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Galli, T.T.; Chiavegato, L.D.; Liebano, R.E. Effects of TENS in living kidney donors submitted to open nephrectomy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Eur. J. Pain 2015, 19, 67–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rakel, B.A.; Zimmerman, B.M.; Geasland, K.; Embree, J.; Clark, C.R.; Noiseux, N.O.; Callaghan, J.J.; Herr, K.; Walsh, D.; Sluka, K.A. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the control of pain during rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty: A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Pain 2014, 155, 2599–2611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Unterrainer, A.F.; Friedrich, C.; Krenn, M.H.; Piotrowski, W.P.; Golaszewski, S.M.; Hitzl, W. Postoperative and preincisional electrical nerve stimulation TENS reduce postoperative opioid requirement after major spinal surgery. J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol. 2010, 22, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parseliunas, A.; Paskauskas, S.; Kubiliute, E.; Vaitekunas, J.; Venskutonis, D. Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation reduces acute postoperative pain and analgesic use after open inguinal hernia surgery: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Pain 2021, 22, 533–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bunevicius, A. Reliability and validity of the SF-36 health survey questionnaire in patients with brain tumors: A cross-sectional study. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 2017, 15, 92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rugiene, R.; Dadoniene, J.; Venalis, A. Adaptation of health-related quality of life (“SF-36”) questionnaire, its validation and assessment of performance for control group and patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Medicina 2005, 41, 232–239. [Google Scholar]
- Parseliunas, A.; Paskauskas, S.; Simatoniene, V.; Vaitekunas, J.; Venskutonis, D. Adaptation and validation of the carolinas comfort scale: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. Hernia 2021, 22, 533–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nielsen, K.; Poelman, M.M.; den Bakker, F.M.; van der Ploeg, T.; Bonjer, H.J.; Schreurs, W.H. Comparison of the dutch and english versions of the carolinas comfort scale: A specific quality-of-life questionnaire for abdominal hernia repairs with mesh. Hernia 2014, 18, 459–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hunter, J.G.; Trus, T.L.; Branum, G.D.; Waring, J.P.; Wood, W.C. A physiologic approach to laparoscopic fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ann. Surg. 1996, 223, 673–677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miserez, M.; Alexandre, J.H.; Campanelli, G.; Corcione, F.; Cuccurullo, D.; Pascual, M.H.; Hoeferlin, A.; Kingsnorth, A.N.; Mandala, V.; Palot, J.P.; et al. The european hernia society groin hernia classification: Simple and easy to remember. Hernia 2007, 11, 113–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sluka, K.A.; Bjordal, J.M.; Marchand, S.; Rakel, B.A. What makes transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation work? making sense of the mixed results in the clinical literature. Phys. Ther. 2013, 93, 1397–1402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vance, C.G.; Dailey, D.L.; Rakel, B.A.; Sluka, K.A. Using TENS for pain control: The state of the evidence. Pain Manag. 2014, 4, 197–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liebano, R.E.; Abla, L.E.; Ferreira, L.M. Effect of low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on the viability of ischemic skin flaps in the rat: An amplitude study. Wound Repair Regen. 2008, 16, 65–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, H.; Wang, K.; Li, G.; Meng, D.; Han, J.; Wang, G.; Li, Y. Effects of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation on the imbalance of th(1), th(2), th(17) and T(reg) cells following thoracotomy of patients with lung cancer. Exp. Ther. Med. 2016, 11, 495–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Johnson, M.I. The use of TENS for non-painful conditions. In Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS): Research to Support Clinical Practice; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shavit, Y.; Fridel, K.; Beilin, B. Postoperative pain management and proinflammatory cytokines: Animal and human studies. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2006, 1, 443–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sluka, K.A.; Walsh, D. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: Basic science mechanisms and clinical effectiveness. J. Pain 2003, 4, 109–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chapman, C.R.; Vierck, C.J. The transition of acute postoperative pain to chronic pain: An integrative overview of research on mechanisms. J. Pain 2017, 18, e1–e359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katz, J.; Seltzer, Z. Transition from acute to chronic postsurgical pain: Risk factors and protective factors. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2009, 9, 723–744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fregoso, G.; Wang, A.; Tseng, K.; Wang, J. Transition from acute to chronic pain: Evaluating risk for chronic postsurgical pain. Pain Phys. 2019, 22, 479–488. [Google Scholar]
- Post, S.; Weiss, B.; Willer, M.; Neufang, T.; Lorenz, D. Randomized clinical trial of lightweight composite mesh for lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair. Br. J. Surg. 2004, 91, 44–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Klinge, U.; Klosterhalfen, B.; Conze, J.; Limberg, W.; Obolenski, B.; Öttinger, A.P.; Schumpelick, V. Modified mesh for hernia repair that is adapted to the physiology of the abdominal wall. Eur. J. Surg. 1998, 164, 951–960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orenstein, S.B.; Saberski, E.R.; Kreutzer, D.L.; Novitsky, Y.W. Comparative analysis of histopathologic effects of synthetic meshes based on material, weight, and pore size in mice. J. Surg. Res. 2012, 176, 423–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akalin, C.; Karagulle, O.O. The effects of onlay titanium-coated mesh on recurrence, foreign body sensation and chronic pain after ventral hernia repair. Asian J. Surg. 2021, 44, 1158–1165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Molegraaf, M.; Lange, J.; Wijsmuller, A. Uniformity of chronic pain assessment after inguinal hernia repair: A critical review of the literature. Eur. Surg. Res. 2017, 58, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chabal, C.; Fishbain, D.A.; Weaver, M.; Heine, L.W. Long-term transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) use: Impact on medication utilization and physical therapy costs. Clin. J. Pain 1998, 14, 66–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fishbain, D.A.; Chabal, C.; Abbott, A.; Heine, L.W.; Cutler, R. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) treatment outcome in long-term users. Clin. J. Pain 1996, 12, 201–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Characteristics | Placebo-TENS Group | TENS Group | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 61.08 ± 12.51 | 61.77 ± 10.84 | 0.793 |
BMI, kg (mean ± SD) | 26.10 ± 2.99 | 26.75 ± 3.78 | 0.398 |
ASA Physical status (%) | |||
I | 32.5 | 22.5 | |
II | 57.5 | 52.5 | |
III | 10.0 | 25.0 | 0.184 |
Inguinal hernia side (%) | |||
Right | 57.5 | 65.0 | |
Left | 42.5 | 35.0 | 0.491 |
Inguinal hernia type (%) | |||
lateral | 70.0 | 67.5 | |
medial | 30.0 | 32.5 | 0.809 |
Inguinal hernia size EHS * (%) | |||
1 | 5.0 | 2.5 | |
2 | 47.5 | 47.5 | |
3 | 47.5 | 50.0 | 0.836 |
Surgery duration, min. (mean ± SD) | 75.25 ± 18.95 | 76.38 ± 18.40 | 0.788 |
Preoperative CCS score (mean ± SD): | |||
Total | 15.70 ± 18.51 | 17.00 ± 14.80 | 0.324 |
Pain Score | 13.38 ± 16.15 | 14.75 ± 13.48 | 0.377 |
Movement Score | 17.43 ± 21.10 | 18.57 ± 16.47 | 0.307 |
Preoperative SF-36 total score (mean ± SD) | 61.50 ± 19.07 | 62.26 ± 11.80 | 0.866 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Parseliunas, A.; Paskauskas, S.; Simatoniene, V.; Kubiliute, E.; Dainius, E.; Subocius, A.; Venclauskas, L.; Venskutonis, D. Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation Reduces Pathological Sensation of Mesh One Week after Open Inguinal Hernia Surgery: Follow-Up Results from a Randomized, Double Blind and Placebo-Controlled Trial. Medicina 2022, 58, 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58060725
Parseliunas A, Paskauskas S, Simatoniene V, Kubiliute E, Dainius E, Subocius A, Venclauskas L, Venskutonis D. Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation Reduces Pathological Sensation of Mesh One Week after Open Inguinal Hernia Surgery: Follow-Up Results from a Randomized, Double Blind and Placebo-Controlled Trial. Medicina. 2022; 58(6):725. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58060725
Chicago/Turabian StyleParseliunas, Audrius, Saulius Paskauskas, Violeta Simatoniene, Egle Kubiliute, Edvinas Dainius, Andrejus Subocius, Linas Venclauskas, and Donatas Venskutonis. 2022. "Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation Reduces Pathological Sensation of Mesh One Week after Open Inguinal Hernia Surgery: Follow-Up Results from a Randomized, Double Blind and Placebo-Controlled Trial" Medicina 58, no. 6: 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58060725