A Comprehensive Review of the Technological Solutions to Analyse the Effects of Pandemic Outbreak on Human Lives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Motivations and Contributions
1.1.1. Motivations
- Existing literature provides a vertical classification of one of the aspects of life affected by COVID-19.
- Even within the existing literature, most articles only focus on the psychological, academic, healthcare-based, and economic impact of COVID-19 on human lives. Few materials are available on the behavioural and social impact, fewer on the interpersonal impact.
- Majority of the available research focuses on developments in one particular field to combat the situations caused by COVID.
- Thus, we felt the need to provide for a combined review of the effect of COVID-19 in different aspects of human life and the different solutions proposed for mitigating the problems arising in these aspects.
1.1.2. Contributions
- Through this review, we present a horizontal classification of the different aspects of human lives affected by COVID-19 in the form of seven major aspects and how severe the effects are—both positive and negative.
- We provide a comprehensive analysis of the different technological domains involved in the suggested or implemented solutions to COVID-19 and the aspects affected adversely by it. The analysis is conducted considering both the general outlook of human life as well as the individual seven parameters.
- Lastly, we discuss the various challenges, open issues and future research directions in the domains largely analysed.
1.2. Review Methodology
1.2.1. Review Plan
1.2.2. Research Questions
1.2.3. Data Sources
1.2.4. Search Criteria
1.2.5. Criteria of Inclusion and Exclusion
1.2.6. Quality Evaluation
1.3. Scope of the Review
1.4. Organisation and Reading Map
2. Human Lives and COVID-19: Background, Definition and Motivation
2.1. Human Lives: Main Affected Areas of Human Lives
2.1.1. Social
2.1.2. Economic
2.1.3. Healthcare
2.1.4. Psychological
2.1.5. Behavioural
2.1.6. Interpersonal
2.1.7. Academic
2.2. COVID-19
Overview of COVID-19
2.3. Technology and Human Lives in COVID-19
3. Effects of COVID-19 on Human Lives: Solution Taxonomy
3.1. Social
3.2. Healthcare
3.3. Economic
3.4. Psychological
3.5. Behavioural
3.6. Interpersonal Relations
3.7. Academic
4. Main Findings, Challenges, and Future Research Directions
4.1. Present Solutions and Challenges
4.1.1. IoT (Internet of Things)
4.1.2. Blockchain
4.1.3. AI (Artificial Intelligence)
4.1.4. AR (Augmented Reality)/VR (Virtual Reality)
4.1.5. Others
4.2. Future Research Directions
4.2.1. IoT
4.2.2. Blockchain
4.2.3. Artificial Intelligence
4.2.4. AR/VR
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Q. No. | Identified Research Questions | Objectives |
---|---|---|
RQ.1. | What are the different aspects of human life affected by the pandemic? | This question aims to explore the different aspects of human life that have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. |
RQ.2. | How has the pandemic affected these aspects? | It aims to search and tackle as to how the pandemic has affected the different aspects of human life. |
RQ.3. | What is the existing literature that provides insight into the effect of COVID-19 on human lives and which aspects does the existing literature explore? | It aims to recognise the existing articles that are relevant to this research question and provide a detailed comparison between them to grasp the missing objectives. |
RQ.4. | What are the different technologies that have helped in mitigating the adverse impacts of COVID-19? | This question aims to bring to light the usefulness of certain technological advancements towards mitigating COVID-19. |
RQ.5. | How have the different technological advancements helped, and which aspects of human life have they aided? | It aims to provide the detailed review of the advancements and their effective role in aiding COVID-19 mitigation for the different human life aspects. |
Description of Question | Answer |
---|---|
Is this a broad examination of the effects of the pandemic on all elements of individuals ’ lives and the technological solutions in such a challenging situation? | Yes. |
Are papers only related to COVID-19 and technologies (such as AI, ML, AR/VR, IoT Blockchain) are considered and others are discarded? | No. |
Have the abstract, title, and full text of the research paper describes the taxonomy of parameters related to human lives that are affected due to pandemic and technological solutions? | Yes. |
Do the abstract, title, and full text of research paper only describe the ‘‘health related pandemic impacts and technology in use?” | No. |
Related Surveys | Year | Objective | Key Contributions | Limitations and Open Issues |
---|---|---|---|---|
[1] | 2020 | Impact of COVID-19 and Quarantine on Interpersonal Relationships and Psychological Distress. | Provides a study-based analysis regarding the improvement or decline of different interpersonal relationships and also regarding psychological distress amongst the participants of the study. | The study is majorly restricted to people of Chinese origin and hence can not substitute a worldwide scale. |
[2] | 2020 | Comprehensive Review about COVID-19 and role of different technologies in managing COVID-19. | Detailed review with information about COVID-19, other pandemics, impact on the global economy and different industries, diagnostic testing, and role of technologies towards aiding the testing and treatment. | While it provides details about the effect of COVID-19 on different industries, there are few details regarding the people employed in the industry and the technologies involved mainly focus on healthcare-based solutions and not the economy or other aspects. |
[3] | 2020 | Effect of COVID-19 on digital education and the factors behind the same. | Tabularised statistical modelling approach stating all the factors alongside the tests. | The authors could not conduct a CFA-based factor analysis due to lack of existing literature to be taken as a base. |
[4] | 2020 | Technical and human-driven approaches to control transmission. | Analysis of technical and human-driven approaches for indication of virus and mass quarantine, further details about interpersonal impacts in case of human-driven techniques, majorly. | The article only focuses on the two approaches to control transmission, unlike the various available solutions to fighting pandemics. Moreover, the article focuses on the differences in China and Western governments mid-way, with few details about the human-technology relationship. Further, as mentioned in the article itself, generalising the given information without caution can be an issue. |
[5] | 2020 | Socio-economic impact of COVID-19. | Survey provides comprehensive details regarding the effect of COVID-19 on various economic sectors. | The survey does not give sufficient information regarding the social aspect and focuses majorly on the economic aspect only. Further, the survey focuses on organisations in the different sectors and not on the employees in that sector. |
[6] | 2020 | Impact of COVID-19 on the global economy, and the global spillover. | Analysis of why COVID-19 had such a huge impact on the global economy and how COVID-19 has impacted the global economy and detailed review about the different policy measures in the fast policy response. | The analysis missed out on a few major industries impacted by the COVID-19. Overall, many different countries were included in the individual sector and the focus was on specific countries. |
[7] | 2020 | Effect of COVID-19 on human psychology, the world economy and the environment. | The positive changes of COVID-19 towards the environment summarised well. | The world figures are superficial and do not give any detailed information regarding the economy, and the information regarding the psychological impact is generalised without proper context provision. |
[8] | 2020 | Impact of COVID-19 on psychosis. | Review contained various details about a possible increase in psychosis due to COVID-19 and evidence for the same, also mentioned about adherence with protective measures and risk perception. | The review, as mentioned in the article itself, had traded time for data assurance, so only one of the authors had a hand in data extraction. Further, there was little mention of the effect COVID-19 had on people already diagnosed with psychosis. |
[9] | 2020 | Psychological impact of COVID-19. | Detailed impact of COVID-19 on various psychological factors given along with risk factors, protective factors, and preventive strategies. | Data were taken from the early stages of COVID-19 and can not essentially be considered globally. Further, data were taken voluntarily, so there was no accountability. |
[10] | 2020 | Behavioural Analysis of COVID-19. | Analysis about behavioural biases amidst COVID-19, majorly panic buying; various behavioural theories used to analyse the same. | Despite there being different behavioural theories, all of them eventually focused on panic buying instead of other human behaviours in such situations. |
[11] | 2021 | Psychological impact of COVID-19 alongside restrictive measures on a global scale. | Psychological effect of COVID-19 considered through multiple variables and each of them measured through a survey, to obtain conclusive results about the impact. | Otherwise a well-constructed article, the survey being of online mode could result in the possibility of ambiguity. |
[12] | 2021 | Addressing the impact of COVID-19 on mental health. | Detailed analysis about the various contributors to negative mental health during such situations such as the pandemic, possible primary and secondary preventive interventions. | The article takes on a population-based perspective and hence, less specified mental health impacts are missed out on. |
[13] | 2021 | Impact of COVID-19 on the environment and the different aspects of society. | Provides detailed analysis on how COVID-19 has affected different parts of the environment, family life, society in general, employment, and education. | While there is mention of improvement in family life, there is no mention of the increased dysfunctionality in families due to being home. Other social aspects of an individual’s life are not mentioned. |
Proposed survey | 2021 | A comprehensive review of the technological solutions to analyse the effects of pandemic outbreak on human lives | Provides detailed horizontal taxonomy of impacts of COVID-19 on human lives and their technological solutions, | — |
Parameters | Brief Description | Relevance to COVID-19 |
---|---|---|
Social | Herein, the social aspects of human lives are talked about—social events such as weddings and family gatherings stopped. At the same time, the daily interactions with correspondents, the workspace environment, the air of familiarity around people sharing a commute, amongst others, also stopped or were restricted to a certain limit. | With social distancing a norm since COVID-19, an individual’s social life fell to shambles, in-person interactions turning virtual. Moreover, most countries in the world were observing lockdown as a mitigation measure for the pandemic. So, the daily social interactions were also reduced to a minimum. Hence, it is important to study how this change affected human lives. |
Healthcare | Healthcare is always a sensitive aspect of human life since being healthy is an essential part of the human lifestyle. In the healthcare aspect, different age groups witnessed different effects. | While considering the effect of COVID-19, considering how the disease affected the patients’ health is of obvious relevance. Further, due to COVID-19, patients suffering from other diseases were indirectly affected; hence, this aspect of human life is also significant. |
Economic | An individual’s life decisions revolve around the monetary funding they have. The current economic scenario also determines their future. Further, so is the case for a nation’s economy. | A pandemic such as COVID-19 shall affect most people’s economic situations and change the overall economy of nations. Hence, it is essential to study the effect of COVID-19 on the overall economic situation worldwide. |
Psychological | Human psychology is inherently connected to other aspects of human lives and changes in these aspects, in turn, affect the human mind. Human psychology is constantly interlinked with an overall human livelihood, a driving factor behind the human response to situations. | COVID-19 has brought out many changes in other aspects of human life and these changes are ought to reflect in terms of psychology as well. The psychological effects of COVID-19 can have large and lasting consequences. Hence, it is necessary to study the mental effects of COVID-19 on human life. |
Behavioural | Behavioural aspects of humans comprise every action any individual can perform, such as changes in sleeping cycle, dietary behaviours, work attitude, buying habits, physical activities, behaviour with friends, colleagues, and family, personal-hygiene habits. It is the reflection of the mental state of a human being. | A wide array of changes can be seen in the behaviour of any individual as after-effects of the COVID-19 outbreak. Due to stress, anxiety, depression, and the sleeping cycle, drug consumption has increased, and the suicide rate has increased. Due to the spread of fake news, people started hoarding things unnecessarily. Nowadays, every individual thinks twice before going to public places. There are many such changes. Thus it is important perimeter to study the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on humans. |
Interpersonal | Interpersonal relations are the building blocks of society. As human beings are social animals, it is important to understand how an individual thinks and acts with other people by whom they are surrounded. | Due to measures such as lockdown, social distancing and work from home taken to stop or reduce further spread of COVID made people feel loneliness, lack of physical interaction, and lack of psycho-social support, which makes them cut themselves from society. These all make them feel demotivated, which indirectly affects other aspects of any individual’s life. Thus, it is crucial to understand this perimeter. |
Academic | Academic consists of an overall learning process and growing through that. Academic aspects of every individual irrespective of their age in studied under this as these people will contribute to society. | Academic system, which was earlier in-person, is now shifted to online virtual mode due to the COVID-19 outbreak. This shift brought a drastic change in teaching style, contents delivered and way of delivery. This factor is very important as it reflects the mental state of every individual who is directly or indirectly part of the educational system around the world. |
Technology | Solution | Description | Applications Targeted |
---|---|---|---|
IoT | Smart Thermometer | These thermometers are connected to mobile devices and in case of an increase in body temperature, the readings are shared to the related authority. This authority obtains real-time information of COVID-19 hot spots if many people in a particular area show high-temperature symptom. | Healthcare |
IoT Buttons | To reduce hospital-based infections and can send quick alerts related to public safety risks. The benefit of this button is it can stick to any surface and it is battery operated. | Healthcare, Psychological | |
Telemedicine | Telemedicine carts, teleconsultation software, and portable tablets connected to smart wearables, mobiles, and other devices provide remote medical facilities to evaluate, diagnose, monitor, and cure patients’ disease. | Healthcare | |
Non-Contact Thermal Scanning | Raspberry Pi 4, alongside a non-contact MLX90640 thermal camera sensor, screens people from a distance to determine whether they are affected. These data are stored in the cloud database and can be accessed by assigned personnel from any handheld device. GPS is used to track the position of patients as well as track the areas visited by the patient [40]. | Healthcare | |
LSTM-based Emotion Detection and Recognition | It involves an AI-based data processing system and an IoT-based data communication framework that analyses sensing modalities to interpret the inner inaccessible human system of emotions [41]. | Psychological, Behavioral | |
Layered Model for Predicting and Preventing Cyber Attacks | The IoT layered model contains three layers—end-user, sensor (device), and cloud layers. The stretched model two additional layers of edge computing and fog computing [42]. It was proposed that the increased online social platforms and the involvement of online meetings and cloud platforms due to the work from home scenario [43]. | Social, Economic | |
Internet of Drones (IoD) Architecture | IoD architecture has been set up to provide AI-enabled IoT based drone—aided healthcare services [44]. | Healthcare | |
Smart Speakers | While smart speakers existed well before COVID-19 and their usage saw a minor increase during the lockdown, the way they were used certainly changed. More users started using them for news and music. Further, adding a new feature to the speakers that could detect a lockdown outbreak was proposed. Participants of the questionnaire conducted by Furini et al. agreed that in critical conditions such as the pandemic, such a surveillance tool might be helpful [45]. | Behavioural | |
Wearables | WHOOP Strap 3.0 | This is a wrist wearable similar to Fitbit and other smartwatches, but its accuracy in measuring cardio-respiratory parameters is very high. This detects abnormal respiratory behaviour, which is a symptom in COVID-19 patients. It provides early warning for COVID-19 breakout in a particular region by collecting information globally. It is connected to smartphones, which help in monitoring behavioural aspect of the person. | Healthcare, Behavioural |
Estimate Workplace Level Contact Tracing Wearable | This wearable device is developed to enable contact tracing in a workspace. This device monitors the health of employees continuously and in case of any abnormal symptoms, it records it into a main central database. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) based proximity sensors keep track of contact of a particular employee in the organisation. This reduces the high risk of the rampant spread of COVID inside the organisation. Hence this provides a safer workspace. | Healthcare, Interpersonal, Psychological | |
LifeSignals Biosensor PatchL | A wearable patch is designed that is kept on the chest area and will monitor ECG trace, heart rate, and respiration rate in real-time and which is connected to the user’s smartphone. If a person develops COVID-19 symptoms, then his/her data are sent to a healthcare worker to obtain better help. | Healthcare | |
Spry Health’s Loop Signal | Loop Signal tracks the heart rate, respiratory rate, and pulse-oximetry of the patient, and collecting it through hundreds of data points in patient to obtain the utmost accuracy in analysing a person’s condition. | Healthcare | |
SPHCC With Cassia and VivaLNK (Bluetooth IoT gateway + Wearable sensors) | Wearable sensors keeps on checking patient’s temperature in real-time, which is sent to healthcare workers who can remotely keep track of patient’s condition. | Healthcare | |
Digital PPE | Open source low-cost wearables functioning using BLE, generally available as smartwatches, have been proposed by Woodward et al. for contact tracing and social distancing reminders [46]. | Healthcare | |
AR Glasses | These AR wearers help with social distance measurements, fever detection, and touch object detection, which could help in better analysis and mitigation of the COVID-19 scenario, ensuring better social distancing and at the same time, keeping the data regarding the same up to date [47,48]. | Healthcare, Social | |
Blockchain | Civitas | A mobile app based on blockchain that monitors a person’s health and notifies the person whether he/she is permitted to leave home or not. It also provides features such as the ideal time to go to public places such as the market, which minimises the risk of spreading COVID-19. App also ensures that the sensitive private data of each user remain secure [49]. | Healthcare |
MiPasa | This is an IBM blockchain and IBM cloud-based data streaming platform that shares the verified locations among individuals, healthcare workers, hospitals, and other relevant organisations. These data are crucial for hospitals prepared beforehand to deal with the COVID outbreak. | Healthcare, Economic (for hospitals) | |
Blockchain | Facilitating Increased Testing and Reporting | It is important to increase the number of COVID tests and accurately maintain that data where blockchain comes into the picture. There are multiple test centres distributed in the same blockchain network. These test centres act as nodes in the system and continuously updates the data in real-time. This network acts as a single source for healthcare officials, hospital, and individuals to retrieve necessary data. As IoT architecture is immutable, data stored in this network are completely reliable. | Healthcare |
Managing the Lockdown Implementation | Through blockchain distributed network governmental and non-governmental organisations can keep track of the needs of residents in a particular area and as a result, this increases the efficiency of frontline workers and brings balance in the supply of services. | Healthcare, Economic (reduce the waste of unnecessary funds by increasing efficiency and balance of the system) | |
Preventing the Circulation of Fake News | By using a public blockchain network and consensus-based algorithms, the system can curb the flow of rumours, conspiracy theories, fake news, and inflammatory remarks. Further, in case if such fake news starts spreading with the help of a digital signature, we can find the initiator. | Psychological, Behavioural | |
Enabling an Incentive-Based Volunteer Participation Platform | Blockchain-based incentive platform motivates people to volunteer in COVID crisis management by distributing masks, medicines, and daily necessities. Through this mechanism, we can also find who is hoarding products unnecessarily, who is breaking social distancing rules and who is charging extra amounts for needy products. This brings a change in behaviour and relations of people in society. | Interpersonal, Behavioural (as people will stop malpractices) | |
Enabling a Secure Donation Platform for Supporters | In order to provide economic help to underprivileged citizens a blockchain-based crowd-funding transparent and highly secured platform is developed. This solves the economic crisis and also reduces cyber crimes. | Economic | |
Multi-Robot Collaboration | The multi-robot architecture proposed for combating COVID-19 and other future pandemics work more efficiently with the use of blockchain. The collaboration can be applied towards monitoring the quarantine area, the quarantine E2E delivery system, and the hospital E2E delivery system [50]. | Healthcare | |
Trusted Sharing of Health Records | A blockchain-based framework constructed using Ethereum tools proposed for addressing the privacy issue and setting up access control through smart contracts, to also help filter accurate information. Blockchain stores only a pointer of the encrypted version of Electronic Health Record [51]. | Healthcare | |
Security for Drone-Aided Services | Blockchain-enabled secure frameworks were widely sought out during the lockdown for delivery of supply goods as well as healthcare services during the lockdown [44,52]. | Economic, Healthcare | |
AI | Disease Surveillance | Timely surveillance and forecast of novel diseases that can be disastrous for humanity is very crucial. BlueDot’s AI model involving various machine learning and natural language processing tools for forecasting novel diseases. This model tracked the spread of the COVID and forecast its outbreak well before epidemiologists. Many scientists proposed the mode to identify the potentially fatal zoonotic viruses that can cause damage to human beings. Such mechanisms can be used to prepare beforehand with vaccines, drugs, and preventive measures. | Healthcare |
Risk Prediction | There are AI model that can calculate every individual’s vulnerability index based upon factors such as age, travel history, hygiene habits, current health status, pre-existing health conditions, and family medical history that show how much susceptible a person is to COVID-19. The AI-powered predictive model keeps on monitoring COVID infected patients and identifies whether an individual’s condition is serious or who are supposed to shift to ICU wards. There are drug usage databases that are curated using AI by keeping track of particular drug usage by any individual. | Healthcare, Psychological (As risk is predicted it will reduce the stress, strain, fear) | |
Medical Diagnosis and Screening | AI-powered cameras with multi-sensors have capabilities to screen people with high body temperature and also recognises their face and their movements. AI-enabled X-rays and CT-scans have saved a lot of time in the diagnosis of COVID. Voice detection backed by AI-tools is used for the screening process in the case of COVID infected patients. | Healthcare | |
Virus Modelling and Analysis | AI aid doctors and scientists to understand the structure of the virus and how the virus creates its DNA copies using host cells. After analysis of virus structure, it also helps scientists in tailoring vaccines by suggesting ingredients with the help of huge databases. | Healthcare | |
Event Detection System | It involves five modules, which each incorporate different sub-parts of AI for user behaviour changes in online social networks. This involved topic identification and effective analysis, alongside the understanding of the major characteristics of the event [53]. | Behavioural | |
Busting Fake News | The COVID outbreak and after-effects became the breeding platform for fake news. This fake news consists of a wide range of diverse news that affected human behaviour, mental state, and overall ecosystem of humankind. Big companies such as Google, YouTube, Facebook started using AI to detect fake information and they stopped the circulation of myths, conspiracies, and misinformation on huge social media platforms up to a certain level. These platforms screen and scrap off the content even if there is a slight chance of misinformation. | Behavioural, Psychological | |
Enforcing the Lockdown Measures | AI and Computer vision powered infrared cameras are used to scan public spaces and it detects human body temperature, recognises faces and keeps checking human behaviour. In case of violation of social distancing rules, this system sends alerts to relevant authorities. | Behavioural | |
AI | Host Identification | As there is a novel virus the SARS-CoV-2, which a member of the BetaCov genera of the coronavirus family behind COVID-19, it is very important to understand how this virus is spreading and which are the hosts responsible for spreading this virus. So scientists proposed models, which are based on AI and ML, to detect hosts by using databases of known similar viral genomes. | Healthcare |
Understanding psychological impact | There are a lot of psychological stressors including unemployment, fear of getting infected, hopelessness, helplessness, social isolation, and inadequate psychological support; AI-based models monitor them and predict whether an individual is vulnerable to chronic mental disorders or not [54]. | Psychological | |
Chatbots | Health chatbots are used for interacting by users for solving some common COVID problems and chatbot monitors and keeps a record of the use by generating reports it smooth outs the process for doctors. Chatbots can also provide details about the user’s location, symptoms, and infection severity score to the users’ doctors or nearby health centres in regular time intervals. Commercial chatbots are used for marketing and after-sales customer support. Some chatbots are used for conversation purposes as through research it is found that people are more comfortable sharing sensitive details with chatbots rather than humans; this could help a person to release stress, anxiety, and provides help to fight against suicidal thoughts and loneliness up to a certain level [55,56,57]. | Psychological, Economic, Healthcare | |
Telehealth checkup and therapy | There are AI-based algorithms that use NLP (Natural Language Processing) on data collected and by understanding the emotion of individual it provides free preliminary healthcare education, information, and advice related to COVID-19. This model also provides preventive measures, home remedies, interactive counselling, and therapeutic sessions [54]. | Psychological, Healthcare | |
AR/VR | Distance Learning | Real-time online teaching involves the use of audiovisual reality alongside the use of SDN and NVP 5G technologies to provide proper connection [58,59]. | Academic |
AR/VR and higher education | higher education, experiential, and collaborative learning is very important. Some concepts cannot be learned without visualising them, so it is crucial to use AR/VR technologies. VR brings such an environment that is not easily accessible to students who is pursuing space studies, archaeological studies, chemical engineering, medical science, aviation related studies, etc. [59,60,61]. | Academic | |
Factory Automation | In this, AR-based solutions such as remote maintenance solutions contribute to more effective automation due to the implicit reduction in on-site workers. This may help in getting the factories working to their best capacity, in turn helping with the economy [58,62]. | Economic | |
Virtual Tours | Using the AR/VR solutions of high-quality streaming and holograms alongside the required 5G technologies, e-tourism solutions can be developed, which could also play their part in contributing towards the economic situation. Moreover, it could help mitigate the sense of isolation felt due to the restricted movement, as a result of the pandemic [58,63]. | Economic, Psychological | |
Customised Surgical Navigation | This is achieved by combining AR, neural networks and customised haptic-enabled surgical tools. The combination provides a novel technique for image-guided COVID-19 lung biopsy with accurate results. On the AR side, a haptic-AR guiding strategy is introduced that accounts for precision and reliable surgery [64]. | Healthcare | |
Providing Hardware for Diagnostic IoMT | Diagnostic IoMT solution for the COVID-19 telemedicine diagnostic combines customised 5G technology, deep learning algorithms and extended reality (a combination of AR, VR, and MR). The role of extended reality is towards provisioning of the remote surgical plan and rehearse hardware to create a surgical decision system [65]. | Healthcare | |
Work from Home | To obtain the benefits of a physical workspace in a work from home scenario, VR-based solutions were proposed to impact individual user productivity from home [66] significantly. | Behavioural, Economic | |
AR/VR in the Business sector | VR is used to train employees who work in construction, architecture, real estate, and many more, which demands human interaction with real material things. It is used in medical industries to understand and cure patients with visual or cognitive impairments. AR headsets are used by welders, plumbers, mechanics, oil workers, and others who need to head up and hands-free in factory and field works. Customers receive a better shopping experience through AR/VR and they can redesign their home remotely while interacting with interior designers or architects virtually. VR is a boon for manufacturing industries such as aerospace giants as it eases the process of designing and prototyping [67,68,69,70]. | Economic | |
Tele-immersion | Tele-immersion is an emerging technology that allows users to co-exist virtually in the same space, supporting realistic communication. This proposal could help friends and families reconnect virtually in situations such as social distancing to ease social anxiety and loneliness [71,72]. | Social, Psychological |
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Shah, I.; Doshi, C.; Patel, M.; Tanwar, S.; Hong, W.-C.; Sharma, R. A Comprehensive Review of the Technological Solutions to Analyse the Effects of Pandemic Outbreak on Human Lives. Medicina 2022, 58, 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020311
Shah I, Doshi C, Patel M, Tanwar S, Hong W-C, Sharma R. A Comprehensive Review of the Technological Solutions to Analyse the Effects of Pandemic Outbreak on Human Lives. Medicina. 2022; 58(2):311. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020311
Chicago/Turabian StyleShah, Ishwa, Chelsy Doshi, Mohil Patel, Sudeep Tanwar, Wei-Chiang Hong, and Ravi Sharma. 2022. "A Comprehensive Review of the Technological Solutions to Analyse the Effects of Pandemic Outbreak on Human Lives" Medicina 58, no. 2: 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020311