‘De Novo’ Brain AVMs—Hypotheses for Development and a Systematic Review of Reported Cases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Literature Data
3.2. Demographic Data and Descriptive Statistics
4. Discussion
4.1. Data Review
4.2. Finding the Culprit—Hypothesized Causes for De Novo AVMs
4.2.1. Intracranial Vascular Malformations and Aneurysms
4.2.2. Hemorrhagic Stroke
4.2.3. Seizures
4.2.4. Brain Tumors
4.2.5. Ischemic Stroke, Venous Sinus Thrombosis, and Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)
4.2.6. Moyamoya Disease (MMD)
4.2.7. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
4.2.8. Genetic Syndromes
4.2.9. Inflammatory Diseases
4.2.10. Liver Cirrhosis
4.3. Past, Present, Future, and Personal Opinions
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors | Sex | Age (yrs.)—De Novo AVM | Initial Symptoms | Imaging (−) | Associated Pathology | Symptoms—De Novo | Imaging (+) | Diagnosis Interval (yrs.) | AVM location | Treatment | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akimoto et al., 2003 | F | 27 | Intraventricular hemorrhage (10 yrs. old) | CTA DSA | Splenium AVM & L Occipital AVM − ruptured + resected | Headache, R sided numbness | CTA DSA MRI | 17 | Cingulate gyrus & corpus callosum | MS | Favorable |
Alvarez et al., 2012 | M | 8 | Seizures | CT MRI | Giant R T-O cavernoma | ASX | MRI DSA | 2 | Pineal | C | Favorable |
Bai et al., 2012 | M | 7 | Generalized tonic-clinic seizure | MRI DSA | Dural AVF, embolization; multiple dAVFs simultaneous with AVM | Seizure relapse | MRI DSA | 4 | L medial Occipital | E | Favorable |
de Oliveira et al., 2020 | F | 16 | Headache | MRI DSA | Ruptured R occipital cavernoma, operated | Headache | MRI DSA | 10 | R Temporal | E+MS | Favorable |
Friedman et al., 2000 | M | 68 | Vertigo and vomiting | CT DSA MRI | R tentorial DAVF, treated via SRS and embolization | ASX; 2 years later (age 70)-vertigo and nausea | CT DSA MRI | 7 | Sup. Vermis | SRS | Favorable |
Kawashima et al., 2019 | F | 29 | Cerebellar hemorrhage, ataxia | CT DSA MRI | R cerebellar AVM, ruptured, treated with SRS | headache, vomiting, and worsened ataxia | CT DSA MRI | 20 | R cerebellar, ectopic | E+MS | Favorable |
Lopez-Rivera et al., 2020 | M | 6 | Midbrain hemorrhage | MRI DSA | Midbrain cavernoma, ruptured | Headaches | MRI DSA | 2 | R Thalamus | C | N/S |
Nagm et al., 2015 | F | 23 | Severe headache, seizures | DSA | R frontal AVM, E+MS; ectopic recurrence, reoperated | ASX | MRI DSA | 18 | R Frontal, ectopic | C | N/S |
Nussbaum et al., 1998 | M | 34 | Headache, vertigo, blurred vision | DSA | R cerebellar AVM, C treatment | Recurrence of headache and vertigo | DSA | 10 | R cerebellar, ectopic | E | Favorable |
Rodriguez-Arias, 2000 | F | 11 | Seizures | CT DSA MRI | R parietal AVM, treated via SRS | ASX | MRI DSA | 2 | R Parietal (medial) | SRS | Favorable |
Shi et al., 2018 | M | 72 | Gait instability | CTA DSA | L Frontal AVM (ruptured), resected | L Hemianopsia | CTA DSA | 11 | R Temporooccipital | MS | Favorable |
Shidoh et al., 2016 | F | 73 | ASX | DSA | Unruptured R MCA aneurysm, clipped | ASX | MRI DSA | 5 | R Parietal (postcentral) | SRS | Favorable |
Torres-Quinones et al., 2019 | M | 80 | Vertigo | CT DSA MRI | R superior cerebellar aneurysm, hypertension, vermian AVM treated via radiosurgery | Gait instability | MRI DSA | 10 | L Thalamus | N/S | N/S |
Fuse et al., 2001 | M | 23 | L hemiparesis | CT DSA | R frontal cerebral hemorrhage | ASX | MRI DSA | 4 | R Frontal | MS | Favorable |
Isayama et al., 1991 | M | 20 | Subcortical hemorrhage | CT DSA | L temporal subcortical hemorrhage, evacuated surgically | Second L temporal hemorrhage | DSA | 2 | L Temporal | MS | N/S |
Jeffree et al., 2009 | M | 18 | Headache, facial droop, speech deficit, vomiting, LOC | CT DSA MRI | L Parietal hematoma | Facial droop, aphasia, vomiting, LOC | CT DSA | 10 | R Parietooccipital | MS | Favorable |
Jeffree et al., 2009 | M | 15 | N/S | DSA | R temporo-parietal IPH | ASX | DSA | 5 | R Temporoparietal | MS | Favorable |
Jeffree et al., 2009 | M | 5 | Irritability, poor feeding, vomiting and jaundice | TUS CT MRI | R temporo-parietal IPH at 17 days after birth | Vomiting, episodes of LOC | CT DSA | 5 | R Sylvian and basal ganglia | SRS | Unfavorable, died 3 months later |
Lv et al., 2018 | F | 22 | IPH | DSA | Hemorrhage from N/S cause | Seizures and headaches | MRI DSA | 4 | R Parietal | N/S | N/S |
Mendelow et al., 1987 | N/S | N/S | SAH | Angio. | SAH of N/S origin | SAH | Angio. | 14 | R Occipital | C | N/S |
Miyasaka et al., 2003 | F | 58 | Headache, vomiting, L hemiparesis | CT Angio. | R parietal IPH | Severe headache, vomiting | CT DSA MRI | 8 | R Frontal, R Parietal, L Occipital | SRS | N/S |
Morioka et al., 1988 | M | 23 | SAH, LOC | Angio. | SAH of N/S origin | Generalized seizures, postictal R hemiparesis | CT Angio. | 7 | L Frontal | MS | Favorable |
Nakamura et al., 2016 | M | 53 | L frontal IPH | MRI DSA | IPH, evacuated; local implantation of MSCs producing GLP-1 | Aphasia, focal seizures, new L frontal cerebral hemorrhage | CTA DSA | 3 | L Frontal | MS | Favorable |
Peeters, 1982 | M | 26 | SAH | Angio. | SAH of N/S origin | Seizures | Angio. | 23 | R Frontal | N/S | N/S |
Porter and Bull, 1969 | M | 24 | SAH | Angio. | SAH of N/S origin | SAH | Angio. | 2 | R Occipital | N/S | N/S |
Dogan et al., 2019 | M | 25 | Seizures, recurrent | MRI | R parietal parafalcine arachnoid cyst, seizures | Recurrent seizures | MRI DSA | 14 | L Frontal | C | N/S |
Kilbourn et al., 2014 | M | 18 | N/S | CT MRI | HCP, absence seizures, autism | Headache, vomiting followed by LOC | CTA DSA MRI | 17 | Pons | C | N/S |
Markham et al., 2015 | M | 4 | Seizures | MRI | Seizures | Severe headache | MRI DSA | 3 | L Temporal | MS | N/S |
Neil et al., 2014 | M | 24 | Seizures | MRI | Epilepsy and head trauma | Seizures | MRI DSA | 9 | L Parietal | E+MS | Favorable |
Ozsarac et al., 2012 | M | 50 | Epilepsy | Angio. | Generalized tonic-clonic seizures | AH (Pink Floyd’s “Another Brick in the Wall”) | CTA | 25 | L Temporoparietal | C | N/S |
Stevens et al., 2009 | F | 9 | Seizures, developmental delay | MRI | SBH (L temporo-occipital) | Seizures, behav. change, ataxia, and aphasia | CT DSA MRI | 3 | L Parietooccipital | SRS | N/S |
Wu et al., 2014 | M | 7 | Fever, convulsions | MRI | Febrile seizure | Seizures, L visual scotoma | MRI DSA | 4 | R Occipital | MS | Favorable |
Yeo et al., 2014 | F | 16 | Single episode of seizures | MRI | Epileptic seizure of N/S cause | Intermittent headaches | MRI | 9 | L Temporal | MS | N/S |
Yeo et al., 2014 | M | 7 | Seizures | MRI | Epilepsy | Recurrent seizures | MRI DSA | 6 | L cerebellar | SRS | N/S |
Bennet et al., 2016 | F | 45 | headache, vertigo, nausea, vomiting | CT MRI | Vermian hemangioblastoma | headaches, dizziness | CTA DSA MRI | 1 | L cerebellar (posterior) | MS | Favorable |
Harris et al., 2000 | M | 57 | headaches, confusion, L sided weakness and numbness | CT carotid Doppler Angio. | R carotid stenosis, malignant R thalamic astrocytoma | Nausea, vomiting, weight loss | MRI Angio. | 0,25 | R Thalamus | Biopsy, SRS | Unfavorable, died 4 months later |
Koch et al., 2016 | F | 24 | developmental regression | MRI | 4th ventricle ependymoma, HCP, treatment with surgery + radiotherapy | Partial complex seizure | MRI DSA | 23 | L Choroidal | SRS | N/S |
Lo Presti et al., 2018 | F | 67 | Headaches, L frontal lump | CT | Recurrent meningioma, operated, acrylic cranioplasty | L pulsatile tinnitus | MRI DSA | 7 | L Frontal | MS | Favorable |
Mathon et al., 2013 | M | 9 | N/S | MRI | 4th ventricle MB, operated, chemo+radio | ASX | MRI DSA | 4 | R Sylvian | E+MS | N/S |
McKinney et al., 2008 | F | 58 | Transient L-sided weakness | MRI | L thalamic hemorrhage; anaplastic ODG in the same region | L sided weakness, dysarthria, L visual field defect | MRI DSA | 3 | R Frontoparietal | MS | Unfavorable, died on postop day 6 |
Morales-Valero et al., 2014 | M | 56 | TIA | DSA | TIA, cause N/S | Transient neurological event | DSA | 14 | L Frontal | N/S | N/S |
Ozawa et al., 1998 | M | 39 | Headache, vomiting, weakness in L arm | CT DSA MRI | Thrombosis of SSS and R TS | ASX | MRI DSA | 2 | R Parietal | E+MS | Favorable |
Pabaney et al., 2016 | F | 52 | R hemiplegia and severe dysarthria | CTA MRI | Acute L frontal ischemic stroke | Generalized tonic-clonic seizure, L frontal IPH | CTA DSA | 8 | L Frontal | MS | N/S |
Santos et al., 2018 | M | 7 | Mild L hemiparesis | MRI DSA | R PComA aneurysm, R hemispheric stroke; | ASX | DSA | 6 | R Thalamus | C | N/S |
Shi et al., 2018 | F | 33 | Headache | MRV | L TS thrombosis | ASX | MRI DSA | 2 | L Temporooccipital | C | Favorable |
Fujimura et al., 2014 | F | 14 | Weakness in upper limbs | MRI | MMD, bilateral revascularization | ASX | MRI DSA | 4 | R Occipital | C | Favorable |
Noh et al., 2014 | F | 15 | TIA on R side | MRI DSA | MMD | ASX | DSA | 8 | R Frontal interhemispheric | C | Favorable |
O’Shaughnessy, 2005 | M | 6 | Infarction, dysphasia, R hemiparesis | MRI | SS-disease, MMD, L frontal cerebral infarction | Mild dysphasia, mild R hemiparesis | MRI DSA | 3 | R Sylvian | MS | Favorable |
Schmidt et al., 1996 | M | 11 | R arm and leg weakness | CT Angio. | MMD, infarction | ASX | MRI DSA SPECT | 8 | L Parietal | N/S | N/S |
Gonzalez et al., 2005 | F | 7 | Head trauma | MRI | Traffic accident, L frontal hemorrhage | Unremitting seizures | MRI DSA | 4 | R Temporal | SRS | Favorable |
Krayenbuhl, 1977 | M | 12 | Headache, vomiting, stiffness of the neck | Angio. | SAH of N/S origin, from head trauma | Headache, LOC, meningeal irritation | Angio. | 9 | R Frontal | MS | Favorable |
Miller et al., 2014 | F | 12 | Head trauma | CT | Severe TBI, L SDH; cranioplasty | Seizures, increased frequency | MRI DSA | 11 | L Parietal | MS | Favorable |
Shimoda et al., 2015 | M | 5 | ASX—screening for HHT | MRI | HHT | Recurrent epistaxis, thunderclap headache | MRI DSA | 4 | R Parietal | E+MS | Favorable |
Song et al., 2007 | F | 2,5 | Congestive heart failure | MRI | Cardiomegaly and CHF; hepatic hemangiomas | Intermittent downward gaze, gait instability, DD | MRI DSA | 2,5 | L CPA | E | Initially favorable; died at the age of 6 due to cerebral hemorrhage |
Bulsara et al., 2002 | F | 32 | Intermittent monocular vision loss, ataxia, diplopia, ptosis, blurred vision, aphasia, gait disturbance | DSA MRI PET | Inflammation/demyelinating lesion in brainstem and diencephalon | Severe headache, nausea, vomiting, ruptured AVM | CTA DSA MRI | 6 | R Temporal | MS | Favorable |
Mahajan et al., 2009 | F | 30 | Facial nerve palsy | MRI | Bell’s palsy | Migraines, R-sided facial weakness, aphasia | CT DSA MRI | 14 | L Frontoparietal | N/S | N/S |
Gondar et al., 2019 | F | 57 | Mild head trauma | MRI | Cirrhosis, R pre-central DVA, TBI after alcohol poisoning | Gait imbalance dysarthria, L hemiparesis | CT DSA MRI | 2 | R Frontal precentral | SRS | Unfavorable, died 2 weeks later due to PE |
Morales-Valero et al., 2014 | F | 35 | Confusion | MRI | Liver cirrhosis, PSE | IPH | MRI DSA | 4 | L Parietooccipital | N/S | N/S |
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Florian, I.A.; Beni, L.; Moisoiu, V.; Timis, T.L.; Florian, I.S.; Balașa, A.; Berindan-Neagoe, I. ‘De Novo’ Brain AVMs—Hypotheses for Development and a Systematic Review of Reported Cases. Medicina 2021, 57, 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57030201
Florian IA, Beni L, Moisoiu V, Timis TL, Florian IS, Balașa A, Berindan-Neagoe I. ‘De Novo’ Brain AVMs—Hypotheses for Development and a Systematic Review of Reported Cases. Medicina. 2021; 57(3):201. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57030201
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorian, Ioan Alexandru, Lehel Beni, Vlad Moisoiu, Teodora Larisa Timis, Ioan Stefan Florian, Adrian Balașa, and Ioana Berindan-Neagoe. 2021. "‘De Novo’ Brain AVMs—Hypotheses for Development and a Systematic Review of Reported Cases" Medicina 57, no. 3: 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57030201