Assessment of the Relationship between Selected Factors and Stress-Coping Strategies in Handcyclists—A Preliminary Study
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of the Study Cohort
2.2. Methodology of the Study
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sex | Male (n, %) | 37 (84%) |
Female (n, %) | 7 (16%) | |
Age (AM ± SD) | 41.8 ± 11.6 | |
Participants (n, %) | Poland | 6 (14%) |
Germany | 19 (45%) | |
Slovenia | 2 (5%) | |
Belgium | 3 (7%) | |
Switzerland | 3 (7%) | |
Austria | 5 (12%) | |
France | 3 (7%) | |
Education (n, %) | Master’s degree | 5 (12%) |
Bachelor’s degree | 11 (25%) | |
Secondary education | 21 (47%) | |
Vocational school graduates | 6 (14%) | |
Spine injury (n, %) | Cervical section | 5 (12%) |
Thoracic section | 15 (34%) | |
Lumbar section | 24 (54%) | |
Duration of impairment in all subjects (AM ± SD) | 19.3 ± 12.1 | |
Disability (n, %) | Innate | 4 (9%) |
Acquired | 40 (91%) |
Methods of Coping with Stress | Participants Starting Categories | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cervical Section Injury (n = 5) | Thoracic Section Injury (n = 15) | Lumbar Section Injury and Lower Limbs Amputation (n = 24) | p Value | ||||
M ± SD | Me | M ± SD | Me | M ± SD | Me | ||
Active coping with stress | 1.00 ± 0.35 | 1.0 | 2.07 ± 0.59 | 2.0 | 2.08 ± 0.82 | 2.0 | 0.007 * |
Planning | 1.40 ± 0.65 | 1.0 | 1.90 ± 0.78 | 2.0 | 1.96 ± 0.76 | 2.0 | 0.28 |
Positive revaluation | 1.00 ± 0.35 | 1.0 | 1.77 ± 0.67 | 2.0 | 2.00 ± 0.83 | 2.0 | 0.02 * |
Acceptance | 1.80 ± 0.91 | 2.0 | 2.17 ± 0.65 | 2.0 | 2.44 ± 0.65 | 2.5 | 0.19 |
Sense of humour | 1.80 ± 1.09 | 1.0 | 1.40 ± 0.85 | 1.0 | 2.15 ± 0.84 | 2.0 | 0.04 * |
Turning to religion/meditation | 0.30 ± 0.67 | 0.0 | 0.50 ± 0.93 | 0.0 | 0.42 ± 0.79 | 0.0 | 0.54 |
Seeking emotional support | 1.70 ± 0.76 | 1.5 | 1.67 ± 0.79 | 1.5 | 1.75 ± 0.73 | 2.0 | 0.24 |
Seeking instrumental support | 1.60 ± 0.55 | 1.5 | 1.73 ± 0.84 | 2.0 | 1.79 ± 0.75 | 2.0 | 0.74 |
Getting engaged in various activities | 2.00 ± 0.61 | 2.0 | 1.57 ± 0.73 | 1.5 | 1.65 ± 0.79 | 1.5 | 0.51 |
Denial | 0.90 ± 0.89 | 1.0 | 0.87 ± 0.81 | 1.0 | 0.79 ± 0.81 | 0.8 | 0.85 |
Venting emotions | 1.60 ± 0.42 | 1.5 | 1.17 ± 0.65 | 1.0 | 1.31 ± 0.70 | 1.3 | 0.69 |
Taking psychoactive substances | 0.50 ± 0.61 | 0.5 | 0.77 ± 0.92 | 0.5 | 0.38 ± 0.69 | 0.0 | 0.51 |
Resignation | 0.80 ± 0.76 | 1.0 | 0.93 ± 0.75 | 1.0 | 0.77 ± 0.71 | 1.0 | 0.75 |
Self-blame | 1.00 ± 0.50 | 1.0 | 1.00 ± 0.93 | 1.0 | 1.31 ± 0.78 | 1.3 | 0.64 |
Strategies for Coping with Stress | Education | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vocational (n = 6) | Secondary (n = 21) | Bachelor’s Degree (n = 11) | Master’s Degree (n = 6) | p Value | |||||
M ± SD | Me | M ± SD | Me | M ± SD | Me | M ± SD | Me | ||
Active coping with stress | 1.42 ± 0.58 | 1.3 | 2.02 ± 0.77 | 2.0 | 1.95 ± 0.96 | 2.0 | 2.25 ± 0.42 | 2.0 | 0.15 |
Planning | 1.25 ± 0.82 | 1.3 | 1.90 ± 0.77 | 20 | 2.00 ± 0.55 | 2.0 | 2.17 ± 0.88 | 2.5 | 0.19 |
Positive revaluation | 0.92 ± 0.86 | 0.8 | 1.88 ± 0.67 | 2.0 | 2.14 ± 0.67 | 2.0 | 1.83 ± 0.88 | 1.8 | 0.05 * |
Acceptance | 1.50 ± 0.45 | 1.5 | 2.26 ± 0.57 | 2.5 | 2.55 ± 0.57 | 3.0 | 2.58 ± 0.58 | 2.8 | 0.02 * |
Sense of humour | 1.67 ± 1.08 | 1.8 | 1.67 ± 0.82 | 1.5 | 2.36 ± 0.89 | 3.0 | 1.75 ± 0.98 | 2.0 | 0.17 |
Turning to religion/meditation | 0.58 ± 0.74 | 0.3 | 0.21 ± 0.51 | 0.0 | 0.41 ± 0.73 | 0.0 | 1.08 ± 1.49 | 0.3 | 0.27 |
Seeking emotional support | 1.67 ± 0.68 | 1.8 | 1.55 ± 0.79 | 1.5 | 1.91 ± 0.54 | 2.0 | 2.00 ± 0.95 | 2.0 | 0.41 |
Seeking instrumental support | 1.17 ± 0.61 | 1.3 | 1.74 ± 0.70 | 2.0 | 1.95 ± 0.72 | 2.0 | 2.00 ± 0.95 | 2.0 | 0.16 |
Getting engaged in various activities | 2.08 ± 0.58 | 2.3 | 1.76 ± 0.64 | 1.5 | 1.36 ± 0.87 | 1.0 | 1.42 ± 0.86 | 1.5 | 0.16 |
Denial | 1.58 ± 1.02 | 1.8 | 0.85 ± 0.78 | 1.0 | 0.59 ± 0.54 | 0.5 | 0.42 ± 0.66 | 0.0 | 0.09 |
Venting emotions | 1.92 ± 0.66 | 2.0 | 1.21 ± 0.60 | 1.0 | 1.18 ± 0.72 | 1.0 | 1.17 ± 0.52 | 1.0 | 0.15 |
Taking psychoactive substances | 1.17 ± 1.13 | 0.8 | 0.60 ± 0.82 | 0.0 | 0.27 ± 0.41 | 0.0 | 0.08 ± 0.20 | 0.0 | 0.07 |
Resignation | 0.83 ± 0.68 | 1.0 | 1.00 ± 0.76 | 1.0 | 0.86 ± 0.64 | 1.0 | 0.17 ± 0.41 | 0.0 | 0.08 |
Self-blame | 1.00 ± 0.99 | 1.0 | 1.26 ± 0.83 | 1.5 | 1.41 ± 0.70 | 1.5 | 0.58 ± 0.49 | 0.8 | 0.15 |
Strategies for Coping with Stress | Participants Starting Categories (n = 44) | Education (n = 44) | Length of Disability (n = 44) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R Spearman | p Value | R Spearman | p Value | R Spearman | p Value | |
Active coping with stress | 0.335 | 0.026 * | 0.335 | 0.026 * | −0.081 | 0.601 |
Planning | 0.170 | 0.270 | 0.170 | 0.270 | −0.017 | 0.915 |
Positive revaluation | 0.355 | 0.018 * | 0.355 | 0.018 * | −0.104 | 0.500 |
Acceptance | 0.275 | 0.071 | 0.275 | 0.071 | −0.132 | 0.392 |
Sense of humour | 0.323 | 0.032 * | 0.323 | 0.032 * | −0.256 | 0.094 |
Turning to religion/meditation | 0.007 | 0.0963 | 0.007 | 0.0963 | 0.279 | 0.067 |
Seeking emotional support | 0.065 | 0.676 | 0.065 | 0.676 | 0.020 | 0.896 |
Seeking instrumental support | 0.110 | 0.477 | 0.110 | 0.477 | 0.072 | 0.642 |
Getting engaged in various activities | −0.088 | 0.568 | −0.088 | 0.568 | 0.167 | 0.279 |
Denial | −0.051 | 0.741 | −0.051 | 0.741 | 0.115 | 0.456 |
Venting emotions | −0.056 | 0.718 | −0.056 | 0.718 | −0.026 | 0.868 |
Taking psychoactive substances | −0.208 | 0.175 | −0.208 | 0.175 | −0.036 | 0.819 |
Resignation | −0.071 | 0.645 | −0.071 | 0.645 | 0.389 | 0.011 |
self-blame | 0.174 | 0.260 | 0.174 | 0.260 | 0.048 | 0.758 |
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Turoń-Skrzypińska, A.; Pawlukowska, W.; Szylińska, A.; Tomska, N.; Mikołajczyk-Kocięcka, A.; Ptak, M.; Dutkiewicz, G.; Rotter, I. Assessment of the Relationship between Selected Factors and Stress-Coping Strategies in Handcyclists—A Preliminary Study. Medicina 2020, 56, 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56050211
Turoń-Skrzypińska A, Pawlukowska W, Szylińska A, Tomska N, Mikołajczyk-Kocięcka A, Ptak M, Dutkiewicz G, Rotter I. Assessment of the Relationship between Selected Factors and Stress-Coping Strategies in Handcyclists—A Preliminary Study. Medicina. 2020; 56(5):211. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56050211
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuroń-Skrzypińska, Agnieszka, Wioletta Pawlukowska, Aleksandra Szylińska, Natalia Tomska, Anna Mikołajczyk-Kocięcka, Magdalena Ptak, Grażyna Dutkiewicz, and Iwona Rotter. 2020. "Assessment of the Relationship between Selected Factors and Stress-Coping Strategies in Handcyclists—A Preliminary Study" Medicina 56, no. 5: 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56050211