Process Optimization for the Bioinspired Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Cordyceps militaris, Its Characterization, and Assessment of Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. UV-Visible Spectroscopy Analysis
2.2. Optimization by Factorial Design Approach
Effect of Variables on Absorbance, Particle Size, and Zeta Potential
2.3. Model Validation
2.4. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
2.5. Morphological Analysis
2.6. Particle Size and Zeta Potential Analysis
2.7. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
2.8. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis
2.9. Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay
2.10. In Vitro Antidiabetic Activity
2.11. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
2.12. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity
2.13. Cytotoxicity of Cord-Au-NPs
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Preparation of Test Material
3.3. Cord-Au-NPs Synthesis
3.3.1. Optimization by Factorial Design Approach
3.3.2. Model Validation
3.4. Physicochemical Characterization
3.5. Therapeutic Investigation
3.5.1. Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay
3.5.2. Antidiabetic Activity
3.5.3. Antioxidant Activity
3.5.4. Antibacterial Activity
3.5.5. Anticancer Activity
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Response Y1 | Response Y2 | Response Y3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. | Sum of Squares | F-Value | p-Value | Coeff. | Sum of Squares | F-Value | p-Value | Coeff. | Sum of Squares | F-Value | p-Value | |
Model | 0.4689 a | 0.0274 | 93.9 | <0.0001 b | 12.86 a | 140.32 | 245.39 | <0.0001 b | −13.69 a | 90.47 | 34.89 | 0.0007 b |
X1 - | −0.0181 | 0.0039 | 26.88 | 0.0008 | −0.9333 | 10.45 | 91.41 | 0.0002 | −1.36 | 22.09 | 42.59 | 0.0013 |
X2 - | 0.0443 | 0.0235 | 160.93 | <0.0001 | 0.5733 | 3.94 | 34.49 | 0.002 | 0.865 | 8.98 | 17.31 | 0.0088 |
X1X2 | −2.24 | 19.98 | 174.72 | <0.0001 | −2.61 | 27.35 | 52.75 | 0.0008 | ||||
X12 | 0.4756 | 4.37 | 38.17 | 0.0016 | 0.581 | 6.52 | 12.57 | 0.0165 | ||||
X22 | −1.92 | 70.92 | 620.17 | <0.0001 | −0.8252 | 13.14 | 25.35 | 0.004 | ||||
Residual | 0.0012 | 0.5718 | 2.59 | |||||||||
Lack of Fit | 0.0009 | 1.33 | 0.4886 c | 0.1552 | 0.2484 | 0.8586 c | 1.6 | 1.07 | 0.5175 c | |||
Pure Error | 0.0002 | 0.4166 | 0.9978 | |||||||||
Cor Total | 0.0286 | 140.89 | 93.06 |
Independent Variables | Levels | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−α | Low (1) | Medium (0) | High (+1) | +α | ||||
X1: CME conc. (% w/v) | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | |||
X2: AuCl3 conc. (mM) | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 1 | 1.25 | |||
Dependent variables | Goal | |||||||
Y1: Absorbance | Maximize | |||||||
Y2: Particle size (nm) | Minimize | |||||||
Y3: Zeta potential (mV) | Minimize | |||||||
Std | Run | X1: CME Conc. (% w/v) | X2: AuCl3 Conc. (mM) | Y1: Absorbance | Y2: Particle size (nm) | Y3: Zeta potential (mV) | ||
11 | 1 | 8 | 0.75 | 0.461 | 13.26 | −13.24 | ||
10 | 2 | 8 | 0.75 | 0.476 | 13.03 | −14.65 | ||
9 | 3 | 8 | 0.75 | 0.482 | 12.38 | −14.02 | ||
7 | 4 | 8 | 0.25 | 0.37 | 4.22 | −18.96 | ||
4 | 5 | 10 | 1 | 0.507 | 8.96 | −16.37 | ||
6 | 6 | 12 | 0.75 | 0.417 | 12.89 | −14.56 | ||
1 | 7 | 6 | 0.5 | 0.442 | 9.32 | −15.87 | ||
2 | 8 | 10 | 0.5 | 0.421 | 11.98 | −12.81 | ||
5 | 9 | 4 | 0.75 | 0.509 | 16.68 | −8.59 | ||
8 | 10 | 8 | 1.25 | 0.554 | 6.21 | −15.44 | ||
3 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 0.519 | 15.24 | −8.97 |
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Gawas, G.; Ayyanar, M.; Gurav, N.; Hase, D.; Murade, V.; Nadaf, S.; Khan, M.S.; Chikhale, R.; Kalaskar, M.; Gurav, S. Process Optimization for the Bioinspired Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Cordyceps militaris, Its Characterization, and Assessment of Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16091311
Gawas G, Ayyanar M, Gurav N, Hase D, Murade V, Nadaf S, Khan MS, Chikhale R, Kalaskar M, Gurav S. Process Optimization for the Bioinspired Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Cordyceps militaris, Its Characterization, and Assessment of Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy. Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(9):1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16091311
Chicago/Turabian StyleGawas, Girish, Muniappan Ayyanar, Nilambari Gurav, Dinesh Hase, Vaishali Murade, Sameer Nadaf, Mohd Shahnawaz Khan, Rupesh Chikhale, Mohan Kalaskar, and Shailendra Gurav. 2023. "Process Optimization for the Bioinspired Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Cordyceps militaris, Its Characterization, and Assessment of Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy" Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 9: 1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16091311