Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of TRF on Learning and Memory Function during the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) Test
2.2. Effect of TRF on Brain-Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) Levels
2.3. Effect of TRF on Serum Nitrite Levels
2.4. Effect of TRF on Plasma Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Levels
2.5. Effect of TRF on Hippocampus PDGF-C Expression
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Chemicals and Assay Kits
4.3. Experimental Design
- CON: Normal control rats received an equal volume of vehicle.
- AlCl3: AlCl3-induced rats received an equal volume of vehicle.
- TRF 30: AlCl3-induced rats received TRF 30 mg/kg/bw; p.o.
- TRF 60: AlCl3-induced rats received TRF 60 mg/kg/bw; p.o.
- TRF 120: AlCl3-induced rats received TRF 120 mg/kg/bw; p.o.
- DON: AlCl3-induced rats received DON 1 mg/kg/bw; p.o. [63].
4.4. Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) Test
4.5. Blood Sample Collection and Brain Homogenate Preparation
4.6. Estimation of Brain-Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
4.7. Estimation of Serum Nitrite
4.8. Estimation of Plasma Myeloperoxidase
4.9. Immunohistochemistry Study for Identification of PDGF-C Expression in Hippocampus
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Brain TBARS (nM/mg of Protein) |
---|---|
CON | 59.40 ± 2.84 |
AlCl3 | 83.58 ± 4.80 a |
TRF 30 | 68.71 ± 1.48 |
TRF 60 | 53.14 ± 5.21 b |
TRF 120 | 53.84 ± 3.83 b |
DON | 51.15 ± 1.38 b |
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Shaikh, S.A.; Muthuraman, A. Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in Rats. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16060828
Shaikh SA, Muthuraman A. Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in Rats. Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(6):828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16060828
Chicago/Turabian StyleShaikh, Sohrab A., and Arunachalam Muthuraman. 2023. "Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in Rats" Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 6: 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16060828