Application of Convergent Science and Technology toward Ocular Disease Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ocular Anatomy and Diseases
3. Topical Nano-Formulations for Ocular Drug Delivery
3.1. Treatment of Disease Related to the Anterior Segment of the Eye
3.2. Treatment of Posterior Segment Eye Disease
4. Combination Use of Nanotechnology and Other New Techniques for Ocular Drug Delivery
4.1. Contact Lenses, Methods of Preparation and Desirable Application
Combination Use of Different Types of Nanomaterials Inside Contact Lenses
4.2. Microneedles, Their Different Types, and Their Applications for Ocular Disease
4.2.1. Different Types of Microneedles
4.2.2. Applications of Microneedles in Ocular Diseases
4.3. Tissue Adhesives and Their Ocular Applications
4.4. Other Technologies
5. Preclinical and Clinical Findings
6. Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|---|
Micelle | Cyclosporine | HEMA, EGDMA, Irgacure contact lenses | Dry-eye syndrome | The therapeutic effect of micelle-embedded CLs on dry eye syndrome was confirmed by corneal fluorescein staining, Schirmer tear test, and MMP9 fluorescein analysis in DED model rabbits. | [62] |
Zwitterionic nanogels based on poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) | Levofloxacin | Soft contact lenses | - | Release from CLs occurred during 10 days with critical lens properties within the range of recommended values. | [63] |
Liposome | Levofloxacin | HEMA, PVP, EGDMA, 2,20-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) contact lenses | Ocular infections | Friction did not significantly affect drug release from liposome-coated lenses and increasing the temperature resulted in an increase in drug diffusion rate. | [64] |
Micelle | Orfloxacin and puerarin | Hydrogel contact lens | Ocular infections | The results showed that the polymer micelle puerarin in the hydrogel could remain stable in hydrogels and slow the release rate of orfloxacin. | [65] |
Micelle | Dexamethasone acetate | Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate–methacrylic acid–ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) hydrogel contact lenses | Ocular infections | In vitro release of up to 30 days was observed from hydrogels prepared with micelles containing dexamethasone acetate, a hydrophobic ophthalmic drug. It may be suitable as an extended-release soft CL material. | [66] |
Microemulsion | Ofloxacin | HEMA, DMA, EGDMA, Siloxane, Irgacure contact lenses | Conjunctivitis | Compared with traditional ofloxacin soaking method, the ofloxacin-microemulsion soaking solution showed a twofold increase in drug loading and sustained release up to 72–120 h. In addition, an in vivo study in rabbits shows that the developed formulation showed an equivalent curative effect compared to the commonly used high-dose eye drop treatment. | [67] |
Solid lipid nanoparticle | Latanoprost | Siloxane, NVP, DMA, EGDMA, Irgacure, and HEMA | Ocular hypertension | Pegylated lenses showed a higher drug concentration up to 96 h at all time points than eye drop solution in in vivo studies. | [68] |
Propoxylated glyceryl triacrylate nanoparticle | Timolol maleate | Silicone hydrogel (Acuvue Oasys) contact lenses | Glaucoma | The nanoparticles release the drug for a long time due to the slow hydrolysis of the ester bond. Lenses loaded with 5% nanoparticles with a 1:1 timolol:PGT ratio had minimal effect on critical properties and released therapeutic drug doses.It has been found to be effective and safe in the treatment of glaucoma in preliminary in vivo animal studies. | [69] |
Gold nanoparticle | Timolol maleate | Hydroxyethyl methyl acrylate (HEMA), dimethyl acrylamide (DMA), ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate (EGDMA), N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), 3-[Tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate (siloxane) and photoinitiator (Irgacure) | Glaucoma | With the developed formulation, the concentration of timolol in the tear fluid is higher at all time points than with the conventional wetting method. | [70] |
Eudragit nanoparticle | Levobunolol | Hilafilcon B (Iconnect), Omafilcon A (Slip-on), Polymacon (Optima 38), Etafilcon A (Acuvue Moist), Hilafilcon B (Softlens) hydrogel contact lenses | Glaucoma | In vitro release studies showed an initial immediate release followed by a sustained therapeutic release for up to 12 days. The drug is a controlled release from pH-sensitive Eudragit S100 nanoparticles. | [71] |
Silica nanoparticle | Brimonidine tartrate | Siloxane, DMA, NVP, EGDMA | Glaucoma | Silica nanoparticles showed higher drug concentration at all time points up to 96 h compared to eye drops, resulting in prolonged drug release. | [72] |
Micelle | Timolol and latanoprost | HEMA, EGDMA contact lenses | Glaucoma | Sustained drug release in lacrimal fluid over 96 h for latanoprost and >120 h for timolol in vivo. In this case, it is thought that there may be an increase in the bioavailability of the drugs. | [73] |
Microemulsion | Timolol maleate | HEMA, Irgacure, DMA, EGDMA, siloxane contact lenses | Glaucoma | It has been observed in in vivo tear experiments that microemulsions prevent immediate drug release compared to direct drug immersion and are effective for 96 h. | [74] |
Microemulsion | Travoprost | HEMA, DMA, EGDMA, Siloxane, Irgacure contact lenses | Glaucoma | The use of the microemulsion system doubled the travoprost loading capacity compared to travoprost solution and extended the drug release to 48–120 h. It can be used for other BCS class II drugs with the improvement of the release profile. | [75] |
Microemulsion | Bimatoprost | HEMA, DMA, EGDMA, Siloxane, Irgacure contact lenses | Glaucoma | When using bimatoprost-microemulsion soaking solution compared to bimatoprost-soaking solution, drug loading increased by two fold, and drug release increased up to 48–96 h. In addition, histopathological studies of corneas showed normal squamous epithelial cells. | [76] |
Liposome | Carboxyfluorescein | Hioxifilcon B contact lenses | - | The risk of separating the prepared multilayered liposomes from the CL surfaces is shallow with covalent or biotin/avidin affinity. They can provide diffusion-controlled release of antibiotics to treat ocular bacterial infection. | [77] |
No. | Patent No. | Year | Title | Scope |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | US8349352B2 | 2007 | Therapeutic contact lenses with anti-fungal delivery | Molecular imprinted approach to fabricate drug-eluting contact lens. Use of recognitive polymeric hydrogel by using bio-template for antimicrobial or fungal ocular drug delivery |
2 | US8388995B1 | 2009 | Controlled and extended delivery of hyaluronic acid and comfort molecules by a contact lens platform | The patent covers molecularly imprinted contact lenses for extended release of ketotifen fumarate, fluconazole, diclofenac sodium, hyaluronic acid, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose |
3 | US8273366B2 | 2004 | Ophthalmic drug delivery system | The patent covers the loading of nanoparticle dispersion into contact lens for ocular drug delivery |
4 | US8623400B2 | 2011 | Drug-carrying contact lens and method for fabricating the same | The patent covers the biocompatible hybrid nanocarriers loaded contact lens and method for the fabrication of the same. The invention also includes the heat and light-sensitive drug molecules drug encapsulation in hybrid nanocarriers incorporation into contact lens for ocular drug delivery |
5 | WO2011053633A1 | 2011 | Fast-response photochromic nanostructured contact lenses | Incorporation of photochromic agents in a contact lens to protect eyes from harmful light |
6 | WO2010022056A1 | 2008 | Microbial cellulose contact lens | Contact lens fabrication from Gluconacetobacter xylinus cellulose material and the use of the same for corrective and non-corrective vision |
7 | US20140377327A1 | 2014 | Extended-release drug-delivery contact lenses and methods of making them | Fabrication of prolonged drug-releasing contact lens by electrospinning technology with improved oxygen permeability |
8 | WO2009094466A3 | 2008 | Contact lenses for extended-release of bioactive agents containing diffusion attenuators | Silicone hydrogel contact lens comprising diffusion barrier such as vitamin E to extend the drug release for a more extended period |
9 | US8414926B1 | 2007 | Nanoparticles with covalently bound surfactant for drug delivery | The patent covers the encapsulation of surfactant-free nanoparticles in a contact lens for ocular drug delivery in human and non-human subjects by covalent bonding to the polymer moiety |
10 | EP2978453A4 | 2014 | Drug delivery from contact lenses with a fluidic module | Use of fluidic module in a contact lens to prevent drug release during storage conditions and to release the drug in response to the pressure of the eyelid |
11 | US8469934B2 | 2011 | Pulsatile peri-corneal drug delivery device | The patent covers the contact lens, which releases the drug in a pulsatile manner for an extended period. Separate and distinct units are distributed in the annular reservoir and dispose of the drug as multiple different discrete units |
12 | WO2016171529A1 | 2016 | Smart contact lenses and smart glasses | The patent cover preparation of a theranostic contact lens that contains a sensor for real time monitoring of disease markers and a drug reservoir for treatment |
13 | US9259350B2 | 2017 | Ophthalmic devices for delivery of beneficial agents | Utilizing contact lenes containing phosphorylcholine groups releasing beneficial polyionic or guanidinium-containing agents |
14 | US20150305929A1 | 2017 | Magnetic contact lenses and methods of treatment and diagnosis using the same | Application of magnetic contact lenses for magnetic diagnosis and therapy |
15 | US10830776B2 | 2020 | Functionalized eyewear device for detecting biomarker in tears | Detection of specific biomarker of disease using contact lenses functionalized by aptamer molecules |
Type of Device | Disease | Materials Used | Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Contact lens | Diabetic retinopathy | Far red/NIR light emitting diode (LED), circuit chip, wireless power, communication systems on a PET film | Exhibiting the photobiomodulation effect on diabetic retinopathy | [170] |
Glaucoma | Biocompatible nano-porous material-anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) thin film |
| [171] | |
Corneal infection | Vancomycin, phenylboronic acid monomers |
| [172] | |
Glaucoma | Nanoporous microemulsion, timolol, PNIPAM, hydroxyethylmethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate, 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl] propyl methacrylate |
| [173] | |
Microneedle | Age-related macular degeneration | Tower Microneedle, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibodies |
| [174] |
Retinal diseases | Triamcinolone acetonide loaded MNs | Promoting transscleral penetration of drug | [175] | |
Fungal keratitis | Microneedle ocular patch, liposomes contained Amphotericin B |
| [176] | |
In situ gel | Glaucoma | Carbopol®, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), dorzolamide |
| [177] |
Fungal keratitis and endophthalmitis | Fluconazole (FL), niosomal vesicle, cationic Eudragit RS100 and Eudragit RL100, chitosan |
| [178] | |
Glaucoma | Brinzolamide, poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 407, Tween 80, Triacetin, Transcutol® P |
| [179] |
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Bal-Öztürk, A.; Özcan-Bülbül, E.; Gültekin, H.E.; Cecen, B.; Demir, E.; Zarepour, A.; Cetinel, S.; Zarrabi, A. Application of Convergent Science and Technology toward Ocular Disease Treatment. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16030445
Bal-Öztürk A, Özcan-Bülbül E, Gültekin HE, Cecen B, Demir E, Zarepour A, Cetinel S, Zarrabi A. Application of Convergent Science and Technology toward Ocular Disease Treatment. Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(3):445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16030445
Chicago/Turabian StyleBal-Öztürk, Ayça, Ece Özcan-Bülbül, Hazal Ezgi Gültekin, Berivan Cecen, Ebru Demir, Atefeh Zarepour, Sibel Cetinel, and Ali Zarrabi. 2023. "Application of Convergent Science and Technology toward Ocular Disease Treatment" Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 3: 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16030445