Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta indica Seeds Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Extract Preparation from Azadirachta indica Seeds
2.2. Green Synthesizing of Azadirachta indica Seeds-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles (AI-AgNPs)
2.3. Characterization of the Green Synthesized AI-AgNPs
2.3.1. Visible Observation
2.3.2. UV-Visible Spectral Analysis of AI-AgNPs
2.3.3. FTIR Analysis of AI-AgNPs
2.3.4. X-ray Diffraction Technique (XRD) Analysis of AI-AgNPs
2.3.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.4. In Vitro Anti-Diabetic Potential
2.4.1. Assay for Uptake of Glucose by Yeast Cells
2.4.2. Glucose Adsorption Assay
2.4.3. Alpha (α) Amylase Inhibition Assay
2.5. Analysis of In Vivo Antidiabetic Potentials
2.5.1. Experimental Animals and Conditions
2.5.2. Induction of Diabetes in Mice by Streptozotocin
2.5.3. Blood Glucose Level of Experimental Mice
2.5.4. Histopathological Study of the Pancreas and Liver of Experimental Mice
2.5.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Visible Observation
3.2. UV-Visible and Bandgap Energy Analysis of AI-AgNPs
3.3. SEM Analysis of AI-AgNPs
3.4. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
3.5. Effects of AI-AgNPs and Crude Extract on the Uptake of Glucose by the Yeast Cells
3.6. Analysis of Glucose Adsorption by A. indica Seed Extract-Mediated AgNPs and Crude Extract
3.7. Impact of AI-AgNPs and Crude Extract on Inhibition of α-Amylase
3.8. Analysis of Blood Glucose Level of Experimental Mice
3.9. Histological Study of Mice Pancreas
3.10. Histological Analysis of Mice Liver
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rehman, G.; Umar, M.; Shah, N.; Hamayun, M.; Ali, A.; Khan, W.; Khan, A.; Ahmad, S.; Alrefaei, A.F.; Almutairi, M.H.; et al. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta indica Seeds Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 1677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16121677
Rehman G, Umar M, Shah N, Hamayun M, Ali A, Khan W, Khan A, Ahmad S, Alrefaei AF, Almutairi MH, et al. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta indica Seeds Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity. Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(12):1677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16121677
Chicago/Turabian StyleRehman, Gauhar, Muhammad Umar, Nasrullah Shah, Muhammad Hamayun, Abid Ali, Waliullah Khan, Arif Khan, Sajjad Ahmad, Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei, Mikhlid H. Almutairi, and et al. 2023. "Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta indica Seeds Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity" Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 12: 1677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16121677