Whey Proteins Isolate-Based Biopolymeric Combinations to Microencapsulate Supercritical Fluid Extracted Oleoresins from Sea Buckthorn Pomace
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Advanced Phytochemical Characterizations of the Extract and Powders
2.2. In Vitro Digestion
2.3. Inhibitory Effect on Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Enzymes
2.4. Evaluation of Physical Characteristics of the Microcapsule Powders
2.5. Structural and Morphological Analysis of the Powders
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. SFE-CO2 Extraction
3.3. Microencapsulation of SBP Oleoresins
3.4. Microencapsulation Efficiency
3.5. Global Phytochemicals Profiling and Antioxidant Activity
3.6. Fatty Acids, Phytosterols and Tocopherols Content of the Extract and Powders
3.7. In Vitro Digestion
3.8. Inhibitory Effect on Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Enzymes
3.9. Molecular Modelling Investigation on Phytochemical Binding to the Enzymes
3.10. Evaluation of Physical Characteristics of the Microcapsule Powders
3.11. Structural and Morphological Analysis of the Powders
3.12. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phytochemicals | Extract | V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carotenoids (mg/g DW) | ||||||
Total carotenoids | 510 ± 8 | 143.0 ± 0.3 c | 120.0 ± 0.6 d | 179 ± 2 b | 199.0 ± 0.4 a | 178 ± 1 b |
β-carotene | 432 ± 6 | 122.0 ± 0.3 c | 101.0 ± 0.2 d | 152.0 ± 0.8 b | 168 ± 2 a | 151.0 ± 0.4 b |
Lycopene | 88 ± 2 | 27.0 ± 0.2 c | 23.0 ± 0.4 d | 31.0 ± 0.4 b | 34.0 ± 0.4 a | 35.1 ± 0.8 a |
Fatty acids (mg/g) | ||||||
Myristic acid (C14:0) | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 |
Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.01 ± 0.03 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.01 ± 0.01 |
Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 92 ± 2 | 16.2 ± 1.5 | 19 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | 23 ± 1 | 28.1 ± 0.5 |
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) | 58 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | 13 ± 1 | 8 ± 1 | 16 ± 3 | 20.1 ± 0.4 |
Stearic acid (C18:0) | 15.1 ± 0.7 | 4 ± 1 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4 ± 1 | 5 ± 1 | 6 ± 1 |
Oleic acid (C18:1) | 77 ± 1 | 17 ± 2 | 20 ± 2 | 12 ± 1 | 23 ± 2 | 30 ± 2 |
Linoleic acid (C18:2) | 158 ± 1 | 16 ± 1 | 34 ± 2 | 21 ± 2 | 22 ± 2 | 46 ± 1 |
γ-Linolenic acid (C18:3) | 115.0 ± 2.3 | 18 ± 2 | 22 ± 2 | 14 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 | 31 ± 2 |
Gondoic acid (C20:1) | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.61 ± 0.03 |
cis-11,14-Eicosadienoic acid (C20:2) | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.71 ± 0.05 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentanoic acid (C20:5) | 1.01 ± 0.06 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 |
Tocopherols (µg/g) | ||||||
α-tocopherol | 1040 ± 22 | 591 ± 12 | 80 ± 2 | 160 ± 5 | 161 ± 5 | 540 ± 11 |
β-tocopherol | 1290 ± 16 | 101 ± 2 | 93 ± 3 | 57 ± 3 | 107 ± 2 | 163 ± 4 |
γ-tocopherol | 20 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 | 11 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 |
Phytosterols (% from total peak) | ||||||
Campesterol | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.4 |
β-Sitosterol | 96 ± 2 | 95 ± 3 | 95 ± 3 | 96 ± 4 | 95 ± 3 | 95 ± 3 |
β-Amyrin | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
α-Amyrin | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 |
Antioxidant activity (mMol TEAC/g DW) | ||||||
32.2 ± 0.2 | 12 ± 1 ab | 11.1 ± 0.1 b | 11.2 ± 0.1 b | 14 ± 1 ab | 14.0 ± 0.3 a |
Microencapsulation Efficiency (%) | Microencapsulated Variants | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | |
Total carotenoids | 88.5 ± 0.1 d | 91.5 ± 0.1 a | 87.1 ± 0.1 e | 89.3 ± 0.1 b | 88.5 ± 0.1 c |
β-carotene | 87.1 ± 0.2 cd | 91 ± 1 a | 87.1 ± 0.1 d | 89.3 ± 0.1 b | 88.4 ± 0.2 c |
Lycopene | 82.2 ± 0.5 b | 82 ± 1 b | 81.2 ± 0.2 c | 86.5 ± 0.7 a | 83.1 ± 0.7 b |
Enzyme | IC50 (µg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | |
α-amylase | 19.1 ± 0.4 b | 0 | 25 ± 2 ab | 28.0 ± 0.2 a | 29.0 ± 0.3 a |
Lipase | 31.1 ± 0.3 bc | 30.1 ± 0.2 bc | 30 ± 1 c | 31 ± 1 ab | 32.0 ± 0.3 a |
Lipoxygenase | 33.1 ± 0.1 b | 36.1 ± 0.3 a | 26 ± 1 c | 37 ± 1 a | 23.0 ± 0.1 c |
Parameter | Microencapsulated Variants | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | |
BD (kg/m3) | 118 ± 1 a | 83 ± 2 c | 91 ± 1 b | 62 ± 7 d | 71 ± 5 d |
TD (kg/m3) | 193 ± 8 a | 132 ± 2 d | 196 ± 8 a | 150 ± 20 c | 177 ± 11 b |
CI | 38 ± 3 c | 32 ± 1 d | 54 ± 1 b | 58 ± 2 a | 60.1 ± 0.5 a |
HR | 2.0 ± 0.1 c | 2.01 ± 0.02 c | 2.0 ± 0.1 b | 2.0 ± 0.1 a | 2.01 ± 0.02 a |
aw | 0.118 ± 0.002 b | 0.084 ± 0.03 e | 0.104 ± 0.009 c | 0.241 ± 0.003 a | 0.088 ± 0.001 d |
Moisture content (%) | 7 ± 1 b | 7.0 ± 0.5 b | 6.0 ± 0.3 c | 8 ± 1 a | 9 ± 1 a |
Solubility (%) | 71 ± 6 a | 34 ± 1 d | 60 ± 0.00 c | 33.00 ± 0.00 d | 66 ± 4 b |
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Mihalcea, L.; Aprodu, I.; Dumitrașcu, L.; Cucolea, E.I.; Dănilă, G.-M.; Enachi, E.; Barbu, V.; Constantin, O.E.; Grigore-Gurgu, L.; Stănciuc, N. Whey Proteins Isolate-Based Biopolymeric Combinations to Microencapsulate Supercritical Fluid Extracted Oleoresins from Sea Buckthorn Pomace. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14121217
Mihalcea L, Aprodu I, Dumitrașcu L, Cucolea EI, Dănilă G-M, Enachi E, Barbu V, Constantin OE, Grigore-Gurgu L, Stănciuc N. Whey Proteins Isolate-Based Biopolymeric Combinations to Microencapsulate Supercritical Fluid Extracted Oleoresins from Sea Buckthorn Pomace. Pharmaceuticals. 2021; 14(12):1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14121217
Chicago/Turabian StyleMihalcea, Liliana, Iuliana Aprodu, Loredana Dumitrașcu, Elena Iulia Cucolea, George-Mădălin Dănilă, Elena Enachi, Vasilica Barbu, Oana Emilia Constantin, Leontina Grigore-Gurgu, and Nicoleta Stănciuc. 2021. "Whey Proteins Isolate-Based Biopolymeric Combinations to Microencapsulate Supercritical Fluid Extracted Oleoresins from Sea Buckthorn Pomace" Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 12: 1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14121217