Germinated Soybean Embryo Extract Ameliorates Fatty Liver Injury in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Concentration of Soyasaponin Ab in the GSEE
2.2. Anti-Obesity and Blood Lipid Lowering Effects of the GSEE in HFD-Fed Mice
2.3. Effects of GSEE on HFD-Induced Liver Weight Changes and Hepatocellular Injury in Mice
2.4. Inhibition of Hepatic Steatosis by GSEE in Mice
2.5. GSEE Restores the Dysregulated Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in HFD-Fed Mice
2.6. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of GSEE in HFD-Fed Mouse Livers
2.7. GSEE Inhibits White Adipocyte Differentiation but Stimulates Brown Adipocyte Differentiation in HFD-Fed Mouse Livers
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of the Germinated Soybean Embryo Extract (GSEE)
4.2. Quantification of the Soyasaponin Ab in the GSEE by HPLC/MS/MS
4.3. Animal Experiments
4.4. Serum Biochemical Analysis
4.5. Histological Examinations of the Mouse Liver Tissue
4.6. Hepatic Lipid Quantification
4.7. Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
4.8. Western Blotting
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genes | Primer Sequences | |
---|---|---|
ACOX | F: GGAAGACTTCCAATCATGCGATAG | R: GACAACAAAGGCATGTAACCCG |
ApoB | F: TTGGCAAACTGCATAGCATCC | R: TCAAATTGGGACTCTCCTTTAGC |
C/EBPα | F: CAAGAACAGCAACGAGTACCG | R: GTCACTGGTCAACTCCAGCAC |
CD14 | F: AAACTCGCTCAATCTGTCTTTCACT | R: TCCTATCCAGCCTGTTGTAACTGA |
CD36 | F: CCTTGGCAACCAACCACAAA | R: ATCCACCAGTTGCTCCACAC |
CIDEA | F: TGACATTCATGGGATTGCAGAC | R: CATGGTTTGAAACTCGAAAAGGG |
COX2 | F: GCATTCTTTGCCCAGCACTT | R: AGACCAGGCACCAGACCAAAG |
F4/80 | F: GTGACTCACCTTGTGGTCCT | R: CAGACACTCATCAACATCTGCG |
FAS | F: AGGTGGTGATAGCCGGTATGT | R: TGGGTAATCCATAGAGCCCAG |
IL1β | F: TTCACCATGGAATCCGTGTC | R: GTCTTGGCCGAGGACTAAGG |
IL6 | F: TTGCCTTCTTGGGACTGATG | R: CCACGATTTCCCAGAGAACA |
iNOS | F: CGAAACGCTTCACTTCCAA | R: TGAGCCTATATTGCTGTGGCT |
MTTP | F: CTCTTGGCAGTGCTTTTTCTCT | R: GAGCTTGTATAGCCGCTCATT |
PGC1α | F: TATGGAGTGACATAGAGTGTGCT | R: CCACTTCAATCCACCCAGAAAG |
PPARγ | F: GGAAGACCACTCGCATTCCTT | R: GTAATCAGCAACCATTGGGTC |
PRDM16 | F: CCACCAGCGAGGACTTCAC | R: GGAGGACTCTCGTAGCTCGAA |
SREBP1c | F: GATGTGCGAACTGGACACAG | R: CATAGGGGGCGTCAAACAG |
TNFα | F: GGCCTCTCTACCTTGTTGCC | R: CAGCCTGGTCACCAAATCAG |
UCP1 | F: AGCCATCTGCATGGGATCAAA | R: GGGTCGTCCCTTTCCAAAGTG |
β-actin | F: ACGTCGACATCCGCAAAGACCTC | R: TGATCTCCTTCTGCATCCGGTCA |
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Kwon, D.; Kim, S.H.; Son, S.W.; Seo, J.; Jeong, T.B.; Kim, K.-M.; Jung, J.-C.; Jung, M.S.; Lee, Y.-H.; Jung, Y.-S. Germinated Soybean Embryo Extract Ameliorates Fatty Liver Injury in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice. Pharmaceuticals 2020, 13, 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110380
Kwon D, Kim SH, Son SW, Seo J, Jeong TB, Kim K-M, Jung J-C, Jung MS, Lee Y-H, Jung Y-S. Germinated Soybean Embryo Extract Ameliorates Fatty Liver Injury in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice. Pharmaceuticals. 2020; 13(11):380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110380
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwon, Doyoung, Sou Hyun Kim, Seung Won Son, Jinuk Seo, Tae Bin Jeong, Kyung-Mi Kim, Jae-Chul Jung, Mi Sook Jung, Yun-Hee Lee, and Young-Suk Jung. 2020. "Germinated Soybean Embryo Extract Ameliorates Fatty Liver Injury in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice" Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 11: 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110380
APA StyleKwon, D., Kim, S. H., Son, S. W., Seo, J., Jeong, T. B., Kim, K.-M., Jung, J.-C., Jung, M. S., Lee, Y.-H., & Jung, Y.-S. (2020). Germinated Soybean Embryo Extract Ameliorates Fatty Liver Injury in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice. Pharmaceuticals, 13(11), 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110380