Role of Microbiota and Tryptophan Metabolites in the Remote Effect of Intestinal Inflammation on Brain and Depression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Depression
2.1. A Gut Perspective on the Role of Tryptophan Metabolites in Depression
2.2. Gut Inflammation-Induced Kynurenine Biosynthesis; Possible Cause of Altered Kynurenine Pathway in the Brain during Depression?
2.3. Intestinal Inflammation and Disrupted Serotonin Signaling System: From Alterated Gut Functionality to Development of Depression
3. Microbiota as an Orchestrator in the Crosstalk between Inflammation and Serotonin Imbalances
3.1. Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Immune (Hyper)-Stimulation
3.2. Gut Microbiota and Serotonin Production
3.3. The Dual Effect of Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Depression
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Waclawiková, B.; El Aidy, S. Role of Microbiota and Tryptophan Metabolites in the Remote Effect of Intestinal Inflammation on Brain and Depression. Pharmaceuticals 2018, 11, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph11030063
Waclawiková B, El Aidy S. Role of Microbiota and Tryptophan Metabolites in the Remote Effect of Intestinal Inflammation on Brain and Depression. Pharmaceuticals. 2018; 11(3):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph11030063
Chicago/Turabian StyleWaclawiková, Barbora, and Sahar El Aidy. 2018. "Role of Microbiota and Tryptophan Metabolites in the Remote Effect of Intestinal Inflammation on Brain and Depression" Pharmaceuticals 11, no. 3: 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph11030063