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Sensors
Volume 26
Issue 18
10.3390/s26185935
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Article

Ionospheric Response to the Severe Geomagnetic Storm of 19–21 January 2026 over Almaty (Kazakhstan) According to the Digisonde and GPS Data

by
Galina Gordiyenko
1,
Yurii Litvinov
1,
Murat Zhiganbayev
1,2,*,
Valentina Grichshenko
1,
Serik Nurakynov
1,
Alexey Andreyev
1 and
Vlad Zhigalov
1,3
1
Institute of the Ionosphere, Almaty 050020, Kazakhstan
2
JSC “Academy of Civil Aviation”, Almaty 050039, Kazakhstan
3
Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Space Technologies, Institute of Automation and Information Technologies, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2026, 26(18), 5935; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26185935 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 5 August 2026 / Revised: 13 September 2026 / Accepted: 15 September 2026 / Published: 19 September 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sensing)
Versions Notes

Abstract

We present observations of the ionospheric response to the severe geomagnetic storm of 19–21 January 2026, obtained using a Digisonde DPS-4D and GPS-based vertical Total Electron Content (TEC) measurements over Almaty, Kazakhstan. Solar wind parameters, geomagnetic indices (AE and SYM-H), and Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) components were analyzed to characterize the storm drivers. The ionospheric response to the geomagnetic storm of 12–13 November 2025 was additionally analyzed to provide an overall picture of the ionospheric effects within the specified latitude–longitude region. The evolution of the ionospheric disturbances revealed highly complex processes. The critical frequency and total electron content during the severe geomagnetic storms exhibited morphological similarities, reflecting a general response to geomagnetic storms, as well as notable differences in their storm-time responses and in the observed percentage deviations of foF2 and TEC relative to reference-day baselines. A combined observational approach provides a more complete picture of the ionospheric response during extreme space weather events.
Keywords: ionospheric monitoring; Digisonde DPS-4D; GPS-TEC; space weather; geomagnetic storm; mid-latitude ionosphere; foF2 dynamics ionospheric monitoring; Digisonde DPS-4D; GPS-TEC; space weather; geomagnetic storm; mid-latitude ionosphere; foF2 dynamics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gordiyenko, G.; Litvinov, Y.; Zhiganbayev, M.; Grichshenko, V.; Nurakynov, S.; Andreyev, A.; Zhigalov, V. Ionospheric Response to the Severe Geomagnetic Storm of 19–21 January 2026 over Almaty (Kazakhstan) According to the Digisonde and GPS Data. Sensors 2026, 26, 5935. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26185935

AMA Style

Gordiyenko G, Litvinov Y, Zhiganbayev M, Grichshenko V, Nurakynov S, Andreyev A, Zhigalov V. Ionospheric Response to the Severe Geomagnetic Storm of 19–21 January 2026 over Almaty (Kazakhstan) According to the Digisonde and GPS Data. Sensors. 2026; 26(18):5935. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26185935

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gordiyenko, Galina, Yurii Litvinov, Murat Zhiganbayev, Valentina Grichshenko, Serik Nurakynov, Alexey Andreyev, and Vlad Zhigalov. 2026. "Ionospheric Response to the Severe Geomagnetic Storm of 19–21 January 2026 over Almaty (Kazakhstan) According to the Digisonde and GPS Data" Sensors 26, no. 18: 5935. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26185935

APA Style

Gordiyenko, G., Litvinov, Y., Zhiganbayev, M., Grichshenko, V., Nurakynov, S., Andreyev, A., & Zhigalov, V. (2026). Ionospheric Response to the Severe Geomagnetic Storm of 19–21 January 2026 over Almaty (Kazakhstan) According to the Digisonde and GPS Data. Sensors, 26(18), 5935. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26185935

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