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Volume 25
Issue 21
10.3390/s25216558
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Effects of Sanda Sports Training on Cognitive–Motor Control Based on EEG and Heart Rate Sensors: A Coupled ERP and HRV Analysis

by
Ziwen Ning
1,
Jiayi Zhao
2,
Chuanyin Jiang
1,
Haojie Li
3,
Haidong Jiang
1 and
Tianfen Zhou
1,*
1
School of Wushu, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
2
School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
3
School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(21), 6558; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216558 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 31 August 2025 / Revised: 17 October 2025 / Accepted: 21 October 2025 / Published: 24 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable and Portable Devices for Endurance Sports)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Objective: To investigate whether prolonged Sanda combat experience improves cognitive–motor control via neuro-cardiac coupling. Methods: Nineteen national-level Sanda athletes and nineteen matched controls completed a color-word Stroop task while concurrent EEG and ECG were recorded. The conflict adaptation effect (CAE), which refers to the ability to adjust cognitive control in response to conflicting stimuli, was compared between groups, along with P600 and LSP amplitudes and heart rate variability (RMSSD, HF); mediation analysis examined vagal recovery as a pathway. Results: Athletes responded faster and showed a larger CAE than controls (p < 0.001). ERP analyses revealed larger CAE-related P600 and LSP amplitudes in athletes (p < 0.05), with LSP amplitude inversely correlating with behavioral CAE (p < 0.05). Post-task vagal rebound (ΔRMSSD and ΔHF) was significantly greater in athletes (p < 0.05), and ΔRMSSD positively correlated with CAE (p < 0.05). Mediation analysis confirmed that vagal recovery partially mediated the association between Sanda experience and improved cognitive–motor control (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Sanda training enhances cognitive–motor control by accelerating parasympathetic recovery and optimizing neural conflict processing, providing evidence for an integrated exercise–cognition–autonomic nervous system coupling model.
Keywords: sanda athletes; event-related potentials; heart-rate variability; conflict adaptation; neuro-cardiac coupling sanda athletes; event-related potentials; heart-rate variability; conflict adaptation; neuro-cardiac coupling

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ning, Z.; Zhao, J.; Jiang, C.; Li, H.; Jiang, H.; Zhou, T. Effects of Sanda Sports Training on Cognitive–Motor Control Based on EEG and Heart Rate Sensors: A Coupled ERP and HRV Analysis. Sensors 2025, 25, 6558. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216558

AMA Style

Ning Z, Zhao J, Jiang C, Li H, Jiang H, Zhou T. Effects of Sanda Sports Training on Cognitive–Motor Control Based on EEG and Heart Rate Sensors: A Coupled ERP and HRV Analysis. Sensors. 2025; 25(21):6558. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216558

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ning, Ziwen, Jiayi Zhao, Chuanyin Jiang, Haojie Li, Haidong Jiang, and Tianfen Zhou. 2025. "Effects of Sanda Sports Training on Cognitive–Motor Control Based on EEG and Heart Rate Sensors: A Coupled ERP and HRV Analysis" Sensors 25, no. 21: 6558. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216558

APA Style

Ning, Z., Zhao, J., Jiang, C., Li, H., Jiang, H., & Zhou, T. (2025). Effects of Sanda Sports Training on Cognitive–Motor Control Based on EEG and Heart Rate Sensors: A Coupled ERP and HRV Analysis. Sensors, 25(21), 6558. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216558

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