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Sensors
Volume 25
Issue 21
10.3390/s25216557
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

A Portable Measurement System Based on Nanomembranes for Pollutant Detection in Water

by
Luca Tari
1,2,*,
Maria Cojocari
3,
Gabriele Cavaliere
1,2,4,
Sarah Sibilia
1,2,5,
Francesco Siconolfi
1,2,
Georgy Fedorov
3,
Luigi Ferrigno
1,
Polina Kuzhir
3 and
Antonio Maffucci
2,3
1
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy
2
EUT+ Institute of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies—EUTINN, European University of Technology, European Union, 03043 Cassino, Italy
3
Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
4
Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
5
E-lectra srl, 03043 Cassino, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(21), 6557; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216557 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 5 September 2025 / Revised: 13 October 2025 / Accepted: 22 October 2025 / Published: 24 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This work presents the design, the development and the experimental validation of a portable, low-cost sensing system for the detection of waterborne pollutants. The proposed system is based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and PPF+Ni nanomembrane sensors. Designed in response to the increasing demand for in situ water quality monitoring, the system integrates a simplified, scalable EIS acquisition architecture compatible with microcontroller-based platforms. The sensing configuration utilises the voltage divider principle, ensuring simplicity in signal conditioning by allowing compatibility with different electrode types through passive impedance matching. In addition, new merit figures have been proposed and implemented to analyse the measures. The proposed platform was experimentally characterised for its measurement stability, accuracy and environmental robustness. Sensitivity tests using benzoquinone as a target analyte demonstrated the capability of detecting concentrations as low as 0.1 mM with a monotonic response over increasing concentrations. A comparative study with a commercial electrochemical system (PalmSens4) under identical conditions highlighted the higher resolution and practical advantages of the proposed method despite operating with a lower impedance range. Additionally, the system exhibited reliable discrimination across tested concentrations and greater adaptability for integration into field-deployable environmental monitoring platforms. Future developments will focus on optimising selectivity through new sensor materials and analytical modelling of uncertainty propagation in the analysis based on defined figures of merit.
Keywords: electrical impedance spectroscopy; environmental monitoring; nanomembranes; nanotechnology; real-time sensing; smart monitoring electrical impedance spectroscopy; environmental monitoring; nanomembranes; nanotechnology; real-time sensing; smart monitoring

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tari, L.; Cojocari, M.; Cavaliere, G.; Sibilia, S.; Siconolfi, F.; Fedorov, G.; Ferrigno, L.; Kuzhir, P.; Maffucci, A. A Portable Measurement System Based on Nanomembranes for Pollutant Detection in Water. Sensors 2025, 25, 6557. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216557

AMA Style

Tari L, Cojocari M, Cavaliere G, Sibilia S, Siconolfi F, Fedorov G, Ferrigno L, Kuzhir P, Maffucci A. A Portable Measurement System Based on Nanomembranes for Pollutant Detection in Water. Sensors. 2025; 25(21):6557. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216557

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tari, Luca, Maria Cojocari, Gabriele Cavaliere, Sarah Sibilia, Francesco Siconolfi, Georgy Fedorov, Luigi Ferrigno, Polina Kuzhir, and Antonio Maffucci. 2025. "A Portable Measurement System Based on Nanomembranes for Pollutant Detection in Water" Sensors 25, no. 21: 6557. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216557

APA Style

Tari, L., Cojocari, M., Cavaliere, G., Sibilia, S., Siconolfi, F., Fedorov, G., Ferrigno, L., Kuzhir, P., & Maffucci, A. (2025). A Portable Measurement System Based on Nanomembranes for Pollutant Detection in Water. Sensors, 25(21), 6557. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216557

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