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Sensors
Volume 25
Issue 15
10.3390/s25154878
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Article

Active RIS-Assisted Uplink NOMA with MADDPG for Remote State Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks

by
Rongzhen Li
† and
Lei Xu
*,†
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4878; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154878 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 26 June 2025 / Revised: 5 August 2025 / Accepted: 6 August 2025 / Published: 7 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Sensor Array Signal Processing and its Applications in Future Communication and Radar)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are recognized as key technologies for beyond 5G and 6G wireless communications. To address the high computational complexity and non-convex optimization challenges, this letter proposes an optimization framework based on the Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) algorithm. The proposed framework jointly makes use of sensor grouping, power allocation, an RIS computation strategy, and phase shifts to minimize the remote state estimation (RSE) error. Simulation results demonstrate that the MADDPG algorithm, when applied in an RIS-assisted NOMA system, significantly reduces the RSE error.
Keywords: wireless sensor networks; uplink NOMA; RIS; MADDPG algorithm; RSE error wireless sensor networks; uplink NOMA; RIS; MADDPG algorithm; RSE error

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Li, R.; Xu, L. Active RIS-Assisted Uplink NOMA with MADDPG for Remote State Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2025, 25, 4878. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154878

AMA Style

Li R, Xu L. Active RIS-Assisted Uplink NOMA with MADDPG for Remote State Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2025; 25(15):4878. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154878

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Rongzhen, and Lei Xu. 2025. "Active RIS-Assisted Uplink NOMA with MADDPG for Remote State Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks" Sensors 25, no. 15: 4878. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154878

APA Style

Li, R., & Xu, L. (2025). Active RIS-Assisted Uplink NOMA with MADDPG for Remote State Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 25(15), 4878. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154878

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