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Volume 24
Issue 10
10.3390/s24103012
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Article

In Situ Assessment of Uplink Duty Cycles for 4G and 5G Wireless Communications

by
Günter Vermeeren
*,
Leen Verloock
,
Sam Aerts
,
Luc Martens
and
Wout Joseph
*
Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2024, 24(10), 3012; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103012
Submission received: 11 March 2024 / Revised: 29 April 2024 / Accepted: 2 May 2024 / Published: 9 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Communications)
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Abstract

In this presented study, we measured in situ the uplink duty cycles of a smartphone for 5G NR and 4G LTE for a total of six use cases covering voice, video, and data applications. The duty cycles were assessed at ten positions near a 4G and 5G base-station site in Belgium. For Twitch, VoLTE, and WhatsApp, the duty cycles ranged between 4% and 22% in time, both for 4G and 5G. For 5G NR, these duty cycles resulted in a higher UL-allotted time due to time division duplexing at the 3.7 GHz frequency band. Ping showed median duty cycles of 2% for 5G NR and 50% for 4G LTE. FTP upload and iPerf resulted in duty cycles close to 100%.
Keywords: 5G NR; EMF exposure; duty cycle; uplink; smartphone 5G NR; EMF exposure; duty cycle; uplink; smartphone

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vermeeren, G.; Verloock, L.; Aerts, S.; Martens, L.; Joseph, W. In Situ Assessment of Uplink Duty Cycles for 4G and 5G Wireless Communications. Sensors 2024, 24, 3012. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103012

AMA Style

Vermeeren G, Verloock L, Aerts S, Martens L, Joseph W. In Situ Assessment of Uplink Duty Cycles for 4G and 5G Wireless Communications. Sensors. 2024; 24(10):3012. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103012

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vermeeren, Günter, Leen Verloock, Sam Aerts, Luc Martens, and Wout Joseph. 2024. "In Situ Assessment of Uplink Duty Cycles for 4G and 5G Wireless Communications" Sensors 24, no. 10: 3012. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103012

APA Style

Vermeeren, G., Verloock, L., Aerts, S., Martens, L., & Joseph, W. (2024). In Situ Assessment of Uplink Duty Cycles for 4G and 5G Wireless Communications. Sensors, 24(10), 3012. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103012

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