Locomotor Strategy to Perform 6-Minute Walk Test in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Prospective Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
- (i)
- an MS diagnosis according to the modified McDonald criteria [29];
- (ii)
- (iii)
- the capacity to walk for at least 6 min (according to the data from the medical examination, i.e., EDSS).
- (i)
- worsening MS symptoms during the previous 60 days;
- (ii)
- immunotherapy change in the previous 60 days;
- (iii)
- the presence of other neurological disorders.
3. Evaluations
3.1. Clinical Evaluation
3.2. Walking Evaluation
3.3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PwMS (n = 45) | Healthy (n = 24) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender (female/male; %) | 26/19; 58/42 | 14/10; 58/42 | 0.812 |
Age (years) a | 51.4 (12.3) | 51.3 (10.7) | 0.22 |
Body mass (kg) a | 75.5 (18.3) | 75.2 (13.7) | 0.54 |
Body height (m) a | 1.7 (0.08) | 1.7 (0.08) | 0.78 |
BMI (kg·m−2) a | 26.2 (5.5) | 26.1 (3.9) | 0.27 |
Tobacco exposition (yes/no; %) | 11/34; 32/68 | 5/19; 21/79 | 0.64 |
Alcohol exposition (yes/no; %) | 4/41; 10/90 | 0/24; 0/100 | 0.09 |
EDSS (4–6.5) b | 4.5 [4;5] | NA | NA |
Disease duration (years) a | 17.4 (8.9) | NA | NA |
MS phenotype (n/%) | NA | NA | |
Relapsing-remitting | 11/24 | NA | NA |
Secondary progressive | 20/45 | NA | NA |
Primary progressive | 14/31 | NA | NA |
EDSS per MS phenotype b | |||
Relapsing-remitting | 4 [4;4.125] | NA | NA |
Secondary progressive | 4.5 [4;5] | NA | NA |
Primary progressive | 5 [4;5.75] | NA | NA |
Disease duration per MS phenotype b | |||
Relapsing-remitting | 13 [9;16] | NA | NA |
Secondary progressive | 19 [13.75;23] | NA | NA |
Primary progressive | 15 [8.75;20] | NA | NA |
PwMS (n = 45) | Healthy (n = 24) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6MWT Intervals | ||||||
Variables | Initial | Middle | Final | Initial | Middle | Final |
Velocity (m·s−1) a | 1.07 (0.27) | 1.00 (0.27) | 0.98 (0.27) | 1.88 (0.22) | 1.82 (0.22) | 1.86 (0.25) |
Cadence (step·min−1) a | 105.57 (13.17) | 101.38 (13.23) | 100.03 (13.51) | 134.55 (8.90) | 132.16 (9.00) | 133.81 (10.82) |
Stride length (m) a | 1.20 (0.21) | 1.17 (0.22) | 1.17 (0.22) | 1.67 (0.13) | 1.65 (0.14) | 1.66 (0.14) |
Stride width (m) a | 0.14 (0.04) | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.13 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.02) |
Double support time (% GC) a | 32.42 (5.49) | 33.71 (5.83) | 34.31 (5.99) | 22.68 (2.67) | 23.42 (2.74) | 22.70 (3.24) |
Borg scale (6; 20) b | 10 [9; 11] | 12 [10; 13] | 13 [12; 15] | 9 [6; 10] | 9 [8; 10] | 9 [8; 10] |
6MWT distance (m) a | 358 (99) | 655 (75) |
PwMS (n = 45) | Healthy (n = 24) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ST Variables a | Middle/Initial | Final/Initial | Middle/Initial | Final/Initial |
Velocity | −6.4 (5.5) ** | −8.5 (7.7) ** | −3.1 (3.3) ** † | −1.0 (5.0) ‡ |
Cadence | −3.9 (3.4) * | −5.3 (4.6) ** | −1.7 (1.8) * ‡ | −0.6 (3.1) ‡ |
Stride length | −2.4 (3.3) * | −3.4 (4.5) * | −1.2 (2.1) | −0.3 (3.6) ‡ |
Stride width | 7.3 (14.5) * | 9.3 (18.8) * | −2.7 (6.8) | −2.5 (10) ‡ |
Double support | 4.0 (3.9) * | 5.8 (4.9) * | 3.3 (3.6) * ‡ | 0.2 (6.8) † |
SEM (%) | ||||
Velocity | 9.3 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 7.1 |
Cadence | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 4.5 |
Stride length | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.5 |
Stride width | 9.1 | 8.4 | 6.3 | 7.3 |
Double support | 4.9 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 6.2 |
Moderate EDSS [4] (n = 22) | Severe EDSS [4.5–6.5] (n = 23) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6MWT Interval | |||||||
ST Variables | Initial | Middle | End | ST Variables | Initial | Middle | End |
Velocity (m·s−1) | 1.21 (0.24) | 1.13 (0.24) | 1.11 (0.24) | Velocity (m·s−1) | 0.93 (0.23) | 0.88 (0.23) | 0.84 (0.23) |
Cadence (step·min−1) | 111.32 (10.52) | 107.93 (9.48) | 106.36 (9.88) | Cadence (step·min−1) | 100.06 (13.27) | 95.11 (13.42) | 91.97 (13.90) |
Stride length (m) | 1.29 (0.20) | 1.27 (0.21) | 1.25 (0.21) | Stride length (m) | 1.11 (0.19) | 1.06 (0.19) | 1.02 (0.19) |
Stride width (m) | 0.14 (0.04) | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.15 (0.04) | Stride width (m) | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.15 (0.04) |
Double support time (% GC) | 31 (4.18) | 32 (4.21) | 32 (4.62) | Double support time (% GC) | 34 (6.16) | 36 (6.55) | 37 (6.68) |
PwMS with PP Phenotype (n = 14) | PwMS with RR Phenotype (n = 11) | PwMS with SP Phenotype (n = 20) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6MWT Intervals | |||||||||
ST Variables | Initial | Middle | End | Initial | Middle | End | Initial | Middle | End |
Velocity (m·s−1) | 0.98 (0.31) | 0.93 (0.32) | 0.91 (0.31) | 1.15 (0.22) | 1.09 (0.25) | 1.08 (0.20) | 1.07 (0.26) | 1.00 (0.25) | 0.96 (0.27) |
Cadence (step·min−1) | 101.98 (15.16) | 97.66 (15.49) | 96.61 (15.46) | 109.63 (7.00) | 105.78 (6.88) | 104.30 (7.02) | 105.83 (14.12) | 101.55 (13.96) | 98.06 (14.62) |
Stride length (m) | 1.14 (0.27) | 1.12 (0.27) | 1.11 (0.28) | 1.25 (0.20) | 1.22 (0.23) | 1.21 (0.20) | 1.21 (0.17) | 1.17 (0.18) | 1.14 (0.19) |
Stride width (m) | 0.14 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.05) |
Double support time (% GC) | 35 (7.31) | 36 (7.91) | 37 (7.85) | 32 (4.27) | 33 (4.40) | 34 (4.44) | 31 (4.07) | 32 (4.25) | 32 (4.72) |
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Hadouiri, N.; Monnet, E.; Gouelle, A.; Sagawa, Y., Jr.; Decavel, P. Locomotor Strategy to Perform 6-Minute Walk Test in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Prospective Observational Study. Sensors 2023, 23, 3407. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073407
Hadouiri N, Monnet E, Gouelle A, Sagawa Y Jr., Decavel P. Locomotor Strategy to Perform 6-Minute Walk Test in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Prospective Observational Study. Sensors. 2023; 23(7):3407. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073407
Chicago/Turabian StyleHadouiri, Nawale, Elisabeth Monnet, Arnaud Gouelle, Yoshimasa Sagawa, Jr., and Pierre Decavel. 2023. "Locomotor Strategy to Perform 6-Minute Walk Test in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Prospective Observational Study" Sensors 23, no. 7: 3407. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073407
APA StyleHadouiri, N., Monnet, E., Gouelle, A., Sagawa, Y., Jr., & Decavel, P. (2023). Locomotor Strategy to Perform 6-Minute Walk Test in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Prospective Observational Study. Sensors, 23(7), 3407. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073407