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Volume 23
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10.3390/s23020812
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Review

Electrochemical Sensors for Controlling Oxygen Content and Corrosion Processes in Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Coolant—State of the Art

by
Sergey N. Orlov
1,2,3,
Nikita A. Bogachev
1,
Andrey S. Mereshchenko
1,
Alexandr A. Zmitrodan
2 and
Mikhail Yu. Skripkin
1,*
1
Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
2
Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Alexandrov Research Institute of Technology”, 72, Koporskoe Shosse, 188540 Sosnovy Bor, Russia
3
Institute of Nuclear Industry, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbSU), 29, Polytechnicheskaya Street, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2023, 23(2), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020812
Submission received: 24 November 2022 / Revised: 7 January 2023 / Accepted: 9 January 2023 / Published: 10 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Rapid Trace Analysis of Pollutants and Contaminants)
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Abstract

Controlling oxygen content in the primary circuit of nuclear reactors is one of the key tasks needed to ensure the safe operation of nuclear power plants where lead-bismuth eutectic alloy (LBE) is used as a coolant. If the oxygen concentration is low, active corrosion of structural materials takes place; upon increase in oxygen content, slag accumulates due to the formation of lead oxide. The generally accepted method of measuring the oxygen content in LBE is currently potentiometry. The sensors for measuring oxygen activity (electrochemical oxygen sensors) are galvanic cells with two electrodes (lead-bismuth coolant serves as working electrode) separated by a solid electrolyte. Control of corrosion and slag accumulation processes in circuits exploring LBE as a coolant is also based on data obtained by electrochemical oxygen sensors. The disadvantages of this approach are the low efficiency and low sensitivity of control. The alternative, Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Sensors, are proposed for Real-Time Corrosion Monitoring in LBE system. Currently their applicability in static LBE at temperatures up to 600 °C is shown.
Keywords: lead-bismuth eutectic coolant; structural materials; protective film; corrosion; oxygen activity sensors; impedance spectroscopy lead-bismuth eutectic coolant; structural materials; protective film; corrosion; oxygen activity sensors; impedance spectroscopy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Orlov, S.N.; Bogachev, N.A.; Mereshchenko, A.S.; Zmitrodan, A.A.; Skripkin, M.Y. Electrochemical Sensors for Controlling Oxygen Content and Corrosion Processes in Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Coolant—State of the Art. Sensors 2023, 23, 812. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020812

AMA Style

Orlov SN, Bogachev NA, Mereshchenko AS, Zmitrodan AA, Skripkin MY. Electrochemical Sensors for Controlling Oxygen Content and Corrosion Processes in Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Coolant—State of the Art. Sensors. 2023; 23(2):812. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020812

Chicago/Turabian Style

Orlov, Sergey N., Nikita A. Bogachev, Andrey S. Mereshchenko, Alexandr A. Zmitrodan, and Mikhail Yu. Skripkin. 2023. "Electrochemical Sensors for Controlling Oxygen Content and Corrosion Processes in Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Coolant—State of the Art" Sensors 23, no. 2: 812. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020812

APA Style

Orlov, S. N., Bogachev, N. A., Mereshchenko, A. S., Zmitrodan, A. A., & Skripkin, M. Y. (2023). Electrochemical Sensors for Controlling Oxygen Content and Corrosion Processes in Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Coolant—State of the Art. Sensors, 23(2), 812. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020812

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