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Volume 22
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10.3390/s22020577
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Review

Toward the Development of Combined Artificial Sensing Systems for Food Quality Evaluation: A Review on the Application of Data Fusion of Electronic Noses, Electronic Tongues and Electronic Eyes

by
Rosalba Calvini
1 and
Laura Pigani
2,*
1
Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Pad. Besta Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
2
Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020577
Submission received: 8 December 2021 / Revised: 3 January 2022 / Accepted: 10 January 2022 / Published: 12 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Tongues, Electronic Noses, and Electronic Eyes)
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Abstract

Devices known as electronic noses (ENs), electronic tongues (ETs), and electronic eyes (EEs) have been developed in recent years in the in situ study of real matrices with little or no manipulation of the sample at all. The final goal could be the evaluation of overall quality parameters such as sensory features, indicated by the “smell”, “taste”, and “color” of the sample under investigation or in the quantitative detection of analytes. The output of these sensing systems can be analyzed using multivariate data analysis strategies to relate specific patterns in the signals with the required information. In addition, using suitable data-fusion techniques, the combination of data collected from ETs, ENs, and EEs can provide more accurate information about the sample than any of the individual sensing devices. This review’s purpose is to collect recent advances in the development of combined ET, EN, and EE systems for assessing food quality, paying particular attention to the different data-fusion strategies applied.
Keywords: data fusion; artificial sensors; electronic tongue; electronic nose; electronic eye; food quality data fusion; artificial sensors; electronic tongue; electronic nose; electronic eye; food quality

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MDPI and ACS Style

Calvini, R.; Pigani, L. Toward the Development of Combined Artificial Sensing Systems for Food Quality Evaluation: A Review on the Application of Data Fusion of Electronic Noses, Electronic Tongues and Electronic Eyes. Sensors 2022, 22, 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020577

AMA Style

Calvini R, Pigani L. Toward the Development of Combined Artificial Sensing Systems for Food Quality Evaluation: A Review on the Application of Data Fusion of Electronic Noses, Electronic Tongues and Electronic Eyes. Sensors. 2022; 22(2):577. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020577

Chicago/Turabian Style

Calvini, Rosalba, and Laura Pigani. 2022. "Toward the Development of Combined Artificial Sensing Systems for Food Quality Evaluation: A Review on the Application of Data Fusion of Electronic Noses, Electronic Tongues and Electronic Eyes" Sensors 22, no. 2: 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020577

APA Style

Calvini, R., & Pigani, L. (2022). Toward the Development of Combined Artificial Sensing Systems for Food Quality Evaluation: A Review on the Application of Data Fusion of Electronic Noses, Electronic Tongues and Electronic Eyes. Sensors, 22(2), 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020577

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