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Volume 22
Issue 18
10.3390/s22186849
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Article

Investigating the Dose-Response Relationship between Deep Breathing and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Participants and Across-Days Reliability in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

by
Caroline Hundborg Liboriussen
1,†,
Stine Søgaard Andersen
1,†,
Sally Søgaard Andersen
1,‡,
Mette Kjeldsgaard Jensen
1,‡,
Mads Jochumsen
1,* and
Salome Kristensen
2
1
Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
2
Department of Rheumatology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
‡
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Sensors 2022, 22(18), 6849; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186849
Submission received: 11 August 2022 / Revised: 6 September 2022 / Accepted: 7 September 2022 / Published: 10 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Body Worn Sensors and Wearables)
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Abstract

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) are associated with autonomic dysfunction, potentially through reduced vagus nerve tone. Vagus nerve stimulation has been proposed as an anti-inflammatory treatment, and it can be performed through deep breathing (DB) exercises. In this study, the dose-response relationship between DB exercises and heart rate variability (HRV) was investigated in healthy participants and reliability across days in patients with RA and SLE. On three separate days, 41 healthy participants performed DB for: 5, 15, or 30 min. On two separate days, 52 RA or SLE patients performed DB with the dose associated with the highest HRV increase in healthy participants. The HRV was estimated from ECG-recordings recorded prior and post the DB exercises. Increases in dose led to larger HRV-responses. Thirty minutes led to the largest HRV-response. In the RA and SLE patients, this dose increased the HRV-parameters consistently across the two days, indicating reliability. DB increases HRV in healthy participants and RA or SLE patients, which indicates stimulation of the vagus nerve. Of the tested durations, 30 min of DB was the optimal period of stimulation. A potential anti-inflammatory effect of DB exercises should be investigated in future studies.
Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis; systemic lupus erythematosus; deep breathing; heart rate variability; vagus nerve stimulation; neuromodulation; breathing; dose-response; reliability; inflammation rheumatoid arthritis; systemic lupus erythematosus; deep breathing; heart rate variability; vagus nerve stimulation; neuromodulation; breathing; dose-response; reliability; inflammation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Liboriussen, C.H.; Andersen, S.S.; Andersen, S.S.; Jensen, M.K.; Jochumsen, M.; Kristensen, S. Investigating the Dose-Response Relationship between Deep Breathing and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Participants and Across-Days Reliability in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Sensors 2022, 22, 6849. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186849

AMA Style

Liboriussen CH, Andersen SS, Andersen SS, Jensen MK, Jochumsen M, Kristensen S. Investigating the Dose-Response Relationship between Deep Breathing and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Participants and Across-Days Reliability in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Sensors. 2022; 22(18):6849. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186849

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liboriussen, Caroline Hundborg, Stine Søgaard Andersen, Sally Søgaard Andersen, Mette Kjeldsgaard Jensen, Mads Jochumsen, and Salome Kristensen. 2022. "Investigating the Dose-Response Relationship between Deep Breathing and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Participants and Across-Days Reliability in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus" Sensors 22, no. 18: 6849. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186849

APA Style

Liboriussen, C. H., Andersen, S. S., Andersen, S. S., Jensen, M. K., Jochumsen, M., & Kristensen, S. (2022). Investigating the Dose-Response Relationship between Deep Breathing and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Participants and Across-Days Reliability in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Sensors, 22(18), 6849. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186849

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