Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Cities in India: Opportunities, Issues, and Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Key Action Areas of Smart City
1.1.1. Smart Economy
1.1.2. Smart Governance
1.1.3. Smart Environment
1.1.4. Smart Mobility
1.1.5. Smart Population
1.1.6. Smart Living Environment
1.2. Major Contributions
- Comprehensive analysis of the CPS, highlighting its working mechanism, application areas, opportunities, issues, and challenges in its realization.
- Highlighting the advancements in CPS from an Indian perspective.
- Identifying the role of various enabling technologies in a smart city with regard to cyber-physical systems.
1.3. Smart Cities-Indian Perspective
2. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in Smart Cities
- Actuator
- Data Management
- Sensors and Sensing Module
- Network and Communication
- Data Storage Module
2.1. Working of CPS
2.2. Security Threats in CPS with Respect to Smart Cities
- The deployment of ICT-based smart vehicles enables malicious individuals to gain control of the automobile, endangering the lives of the driver and other passengers [131] The attacker might ask for a ransom to release control of the automobile. Similarly, hackers may encrypt important files on a CPS-connected device and ask the owner for a ransom to grant access (ransomware).
- The lack of security updates in CPS linked devices, together with device misconfiguration and the prevalent use of default passwords and settings, as well as the absence of encrypted communication between devices, also presents a serious security loophole. Similarly, poor credentials threaten the security of both the user and their business, as cybercriminals can set up remote sessions to track them. These intruders can identify a user’s physical location by using IP addresses or GPS modules of the CPS devices [130,131,132].
- Artificial intelligence applications in CPSs are susceptible to data manipulation attacks where cybercriminals can steal sensitive information to generate superficially legitimate input to mislead the algorithm. These attacks could be driven by financial or political rivalry, powered by the tremendous expansion of built-in computing capacity.
- Hackers could seize control of CPS linked devices and use them to disrupt business activities, use them as spam email servers, or turn them into botnets for carrying out DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks. Individuals with malice can access all smart appliances such as televisions, cameras, and refrigerators, and transform them into attack carriers.
2.3. Current Developments in CPS in India
3. Role of Technology in Smart Cities
3.1. Internet of Things
3.2. ICT and Sensors
3.3. Artificial Intelligence
3.4. Blockchain Technology
3.5. 5G and SDN Technology
3.6. Deep Learning
4. Opportunities, Issues and Challenges in Smart Cities
4.1. Opportunities
4.1.1. Businesses and Manufacturing
4.1.2. Jobs
4.1.3. Innovations
4.1.4. Startups
4.1.5. Optimal Utilization of Resources
4.1.6. Promotes Sustainability
4.2. Issues and Challenges
4.2.1. Technical Issues
Lack of Infrastructure
Scarcity of Technical Knowhow
Privacy and Security
Interoperability
Unstructured Data
Absence of Unified Standards
4.2.2. Socioeconomic Issues
Budget Constraints
Rigid Policies
4.2.3. Social Issues
Social Divide and Mindset
High Implementation Costs
Lack of Skilled Labor
4.2.4. Environmental Challenges
4.2.5. Societal Issues
4.2.6. Ethical Issues
5. Conclusions and Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. No | Smart City Component | Application | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Manufacturing | The manufacturing process can be automated to optimize the productivity of goods and enhance the delivery of services. | [82,83] |
2 | Healthcare | Smart Healthcare systems are designed for realtime monitoring of patients and support remote healthcare services using semiautomatic medical devices. | [76,84,85,86,87] |
3 | Transportation | A smart transportation system in a smart city uses embedded sensors for realtime information sharing and processing for traffic management. Advanced sensing, communication, control, and computations enable the efficient working of autonomous vehicles. | [88,89,90,91,92] |
4 | Energy | The integration of cyber and physical systems helps to provide a reliable, safe, and secure supply of energy and led to the development of smart grids. | [93,94] |
5 | Infrastructure | The use of sensors in buildings helps to minimize the overall cost of functioning by optimizing the processes based on the data analysis and feedback mechanism. | [95,96] |
6 | Agriculture | Regular monitoring of environmental conditions helps to improve agricultural production. Using IoT and sensor technologies helps to implement smart water management, soil monitoring, and efficient supply chains. | [97,98,99] |
7 | Education | CPS implementation into conventional education systems can help to develop smart learning environments where all entities can share information and data. | [100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109] |
8 | Business | The integration of smart techniques to enhance and automate business processes has led to the development of Industry 4.0. | [110,111,112,113,114,115] |
9 | Environment monitoring | CPS implementation in geographical areas such as rivers, forests, etc., can be used for remote monitoring and quick response systems. The process of monitoring can be completed using minimal energy and no human intervention in the circumstances of natural and manmade disasters. | [116,117] |
10 | Security | The information collected from various sensors and other connected devices can be processed for fast decision making and enhancing security and privacy in a smart city ecosystem. | [118,119,120,121,122,123,124] |
11 | Smart homes | Smart homes are one of the most widely adopted applications of CPS. The various components of a regular household such as a security camera, electronic devices, home assistants, etc., are connected to automate the various processes. | [125,126,127,128,129,130] |
S.No | Ref | Focus Area | Threats | Mitigation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [134] | Context-Aware CPS security. Provided the notion of context-awareness in CPS. | False data injection, DoS attacks | Different categories of context concerning CPS were identified and a corresponding security mechanism was proposed |
2 | [135] | CPS in operational technology | Near realtime cyber attacks | Trap-based monitoring systems were proposed using a big data fusion model |
3 | [136] | CPS for smart grid | Malicious adversaries | STREAM approach for improving integrity and availability |
4 | [137] | CPS for healthcare | Data theft, impersonation, user profiling attacks, etc. | Cognitive cybersecurity framework using AI |
5 | [138] | WSN in CPS | Internal and external threats in WSN | Several mitigation approaches were discussed along with a comparison among them |
6 | [139] | Cross-domain CPS security | DoS and DDoS attacks, hacking, etc. | A security analysis framework was proposed identifying both discrete and continuous signal information flow in cross domain CPS |
7 | [140] | CPS for pervasive health monitoring systems | BAN attacks | PSKA and CAAC mechanisms were proposed |
8 | [141] | Securing big data in CPS | Identified various big data security issues | Discussed various security mechanisms for big data security using Weibull distribution. |
9 | [142] | Security of sensors in CPS | False data injection, spoofing, etc. | Discussed sensor attacks on edge and point of positions. Proposed classification of different kinds of attacks on sensors. |
10 | [143] | CPS for industrial processes | Deception attacks, DoS attacks, etc. | The concept of intrusion tolerance was proposed to secure industrial control systems. |
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Ahmad, M.O.; Ahad, M.A.; Alam, M.A.; Siddiqui, F.; Casalino, G. Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Cities in India: Opportunities, Issues, and Challenges. Sensors 2021, 21, 7714. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227714
Ahmad MO, Ahad MA, Alam MA, Siddiqui F, Casalino G. Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Cities in India: Opportunities, Issues, and Challenges. Sensors. 2021; 21(22):7714. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227714
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad, Md. Onais, Mohd Abdul Ahad, M. Afshar Alam, Farheen Siddiqui, and Gabriella Casalino. 2021. "Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Cities in India: Opportunities, Issues, and Challenges" Sensors 21, no. 22: 7714. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227714