Deep Learning-Based Optimal Smart Shoes Sensor Selection for Energy Expenditure and Heart Rate Estimation
1
Department of Computer Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
2
Digital Transformation R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 143 Hanggaulro, Ansan 15588, Korea
3
School of Applied Science, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia
4
Department of Leisure Sports, College of Ecological Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Academic Editor: Ki H. Chon
Sensors 2021, 21(21), 7058; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217058
Received: 24 September 2021
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Revised: 21 October 2021
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Accepted: 21 October 2021
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Published: 25 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Topic Artificial Intelligence in Sensors)
Wearable technologies are known to improve our quality of life. Among the various wearable devices, shoes are non-intrusive, lightweight, and can be used for outdoor activities. In this study, we estimated the energy consumption and heart rate in an environment (i.e., running on a treadmill) using smart shoes equipped with triaxial acceleration, triaxial gyroscope, and four-point pressure sensors. The proposed model uses the latest deep learning architecture which does not require any separate preprocessing. Moreover, it is possible to select the optimal sensor using a channel-wise attention mechanism to weigh the sensors depending on their contributions to the estimation of energy expenditure (EE) and heart rate (HR). The performance of the proposed model was evaluated using the root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (
Keywords:
smart shoe; energy expenditure; heart rate; channel wise attention; DenseNet; accelerometer; gyroscope; pressure sensor; deep learning
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MDPI and ACS Style
Eom, H.; Roh, J.; Hariyani, Y.S.; Baek, S.; Lee, S.; Kim, S.; Park, C. Deep Learning-Based Optimal Smart Shoes Sensor Selection for Energy Expenditure and Heart Rate Estimation. Sensors 2021, 21, 7058. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217058
AMA Style
Eom H, Roh J, Hariyani YS, Baek S, Lee S, Kim S, Park C. Deep Learning-Based Optimal Smart Shoes Sensor Selection for Energy Expenditure and Heart Rate Estimation. Sensors. 2021; 21(21):7058. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217058
Chicago/Turabian StyleEom, Heesang, Jongryun Roh, Yuli S. Hariyani, Suwhan Baek, Sukho Lee, Sayup Kim, and Cheolsoo Park. 2021. "Deep Learning-Based Optimal Smart Shoes Sensor Selection for Energy Expenditure and Heart Rate Estimation" Sensors 21, no. 21: 7058. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217058
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