Adaptive and Robust Operation with Active Fuzzy Harvester under Nonstationary and Random Disturbance Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Harvester Model
- The mechanical components are composed of two masses connected in series by two springs. This system is modeled as a linear 2-DOF structure and has two vibration modes.
- The piezoelectric transducer mechanically deforms only in one direction. Both direct and inverse piezoelectric effects are discussed for a range of small deformations and do not consider hysteresis properties. The transducer is installed between the first vibrating mass and the fixed base. The deformation of the transducer corresponds to the displacement of the first mass.
- The electrical components are modeled using only passive components. Semiconductor elements in the electric circuit are modeled linearly as either open or closed electrical conditions. Because the forward voltage in diode elements is sufficiently small compared to the piezoelectric voltage, the forward voltage of the diodes is neglected.
2.2. Mechanism of Charge Inversion Circuit and Switching Action
- A switching action should be performed when the signs between the displacement and charge are opposite.
- A switching action should be performed when the magnitude of displacement is sufficiently larger than the right term depending on the piezoelectric charge in inequality (6).
2.3. Threshold-Based Switching Strategy for Complex Vibration
- The STDH control type, which occurs by the exceedingly large threshold coefficient magnitude, does not perform switching actions in the harvesting process. This type relinquishes the opportunities of the increment of the piezoelectric charge by switching actions and should be avoided by decreasing the threshold magnitude.
- The SSHI control type, which occurs because of the exceedingly small threshold coefficient magnitude, performs switching actions, including both desirable and undesirable actions. This type leads to the attenuation of the piezoelectric charge because of the undesirable switching actions and should be avoided by increasing the threshold magnitude.
- The SCVS control type, which occurs because of the adequate threshold coefficient magnitude, accomplishes appropriate intermittent switching actions for effective harvesting. The present threshold design is aimed at this type.
3. Experiment
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- The first circuit connection indicates that the switch element and rectifier are open and nonconductive. The piezoelectric charge does not change during this process because the piezoelectric transducer is an open circuit. In contrast, the storage charge Qs in the smoothing capacitor is consumed during this process by the resistor assumed as an electric device.
- The second circuit equation indicates that the switch element and the rectifier are open and conductive. The piezoelectric charge stored in the transducer flows out to the smoothing capacitor and the resistor. Because of the rectifies functions, the sign of the circuit equations is changed depending on the polarity of the piezoelectric voltage.
- The third circuit equation, which is a unique connection on an active harvester, is that the switch element and rectifier are closed and nonconductive. The piezoelectric charge vibrates because of the LC series resonance.
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Hara, Y.; Otsuka, K.; Makihara, K. Adaptive and Robust Operation with Active Fuzzy Harvester under Nonstationary and Random Disturbance Conditions. Sensors 2021, 21, 3913. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113913
Hara Y, Otsuka K, Makihara K. Adaptive and Robust Operation with Active Fuzzy Harvester under Nonstationary and Random Disturbance Conditions. Sensors. 2021; 21(11):3913. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113913
Chicago/Turabian StyleHara, Yushin, Keisuke Otsuka, and Kanjuro Makihara. 2021. "Adaptive and Robust Operation with Active Fuzzy Harvester under Nonstationary and Random Disturbance Conditions" Sensors 21, no. 11: 3913. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113913
APA StyleHara, Y., Otsuka, K., & Makihara, K. (2021). Adaptive and Robust Operation with Active Fuzzy Harvester under Nonstationary and Random Disturbance Conditions. Sensors, 21(11), 3913. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113913